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COBOL Tutorial

COBOL PRESENT

The PRESENT keyword in COBOL represents sophisticated XML element detection and comprehensive document structure validation capabilities within modern enterprise programming environments, providing advanced XML processing mechanisms for element presence verification, enhanced document parsing features for conditional processing, and intelligent structure detection capabilities that enable precise XML element checking, optimal document navigation workflows, and systematic XML content analysis while maintaining parsing accuracy, ensuring predictable element detection, and enabling flexible XML processing architectures across business applications requiring exact document structure validation, conditional element processing, and reliable XML content verification throughout sophisticated data integration and modern API processing scenarios.

Basic PRESENT Usage in XML Processing

XML Element Presence Detection
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*> Basic PRESENT usage in XML processing
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 WS-XML-DATA.
   05 WS-XML-DOCUMENT        PIC X(5000).
   05 WS-XML-LENGTH          PIC 9(4) COMP.
   05 WS-ELEMENT-NAME        PIC X(50).
   05 WS-ELEMENT-VALUE       PIC X(500).
   05 WS-ATTRIBUTE-NAME      PIC X(30).
   05 WS-ATTRIBUTE-VALUE     PIC X(100).
 
01 WS-PARSING-FLAGS.
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-PRESENT    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-ADDRESS-PRESENT     PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-PHONE-PRESENT       PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-EMAIL-PRESENT       PIC X VALUE 'N'.
 
01 WS-CUSTOMER-DATA.
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-ID         PIC X(10).
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-NAME       PIC X(50).
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-ADDRESS    PIC X(100).
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-PHONE      PIC X(15).
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-EMAIL      PIC X(50).
 
01 WS-PARSING-COUNTERS.
   05 WS-ELEMENTS-FOUND      PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
   05 WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS   PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
   05 WS-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS   PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-XML-PROCESSING.
    DISPLAY "=== XML PRESENT DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    PERFORM SETUP-XML-DOCUMENT
    PERFORM PARSE-XML-WITH-PRESENT
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PARSING-RESULTS
    
    DISPLAY "=== XML PROCESSING COMPLETE ==="
    STOP RUN.
 
SETUP-XML-DOCUMENT.
    DISPLAY "Setting up sample XML document..."
    
    *> Create sample XML document
    STRING 
        ''
        ''
        '  John Smith'
        '  
'
        '    123 Main St'
        '    New York'
        '    10001'
        '  
'
        '  555-0123'
        '  john.smith@email.com'
        ''
        DELIMITED BY SIZE
        INTO WS-XML-DOCUMENT
    END-STRING
    
    COMPUTE WS-XML-LENGTH = FUNCTION LENGTH(FUNCTION TRIM(WS-XML-DOCUMENT))
    DISPLAY "✅ XML document prepared (" WS-XML-LENGTH " characters)"
 
PARSE-XML-WITH-PRESENT.
    DISPLAY "Parsing XML document using PRESENT..."
    
    *> Initialize parsing flags
    MOVE 'N' TO WS-CUSTOMER-PRESENT
    MOVE 'N' TO WS-ADDRESS-PRESENT  
    MOVE 'N' TO WS-PHONE-PRESENT
    MOVE 'N' TO WS-EMAIL-PRESENT
    
    *> Parse XML document
    XML PARSE WS-XML-DOCUMENT THRU XML-PARSE-END
        PROCESSING PROCEDURE HANDLE-XML-EVENTS
        ON EXCEPTION
            DISPLAY "❌ XML parsing error occurred"
        NOT ON EXCEPTION
            DISPLAY "✅ XML parsing completed successfully"
    END-XML
 
XML-PARSE-END.
    EXIT.
 
HANDLE-XML-EVENTS.
    *> This procedure handles XML parsing events
    EVALUATE XML-EVENT
        WHEN 'START-OF-ELEMENT'
            PERFORM HANDLE-START-ELEMENT
        WHEN 'CONTENT-CHARACTER'
            PERFORM HANDLE-ELEMENT-CONTENT
        WHEN 'END-OF-ELEMENT'
            PERFORM HANDLE-END-ELEMENT
        WHEN 'START-OF-DOCUMENT'
            DISPLAY "📄 Starting XML document processing"
        WHEN 'END-OF-DOCUMENT'
            DISPLAY "📄 Completed XML document processing"
    END-EVALUATE
 
HANDLE-START-ELEMENT.
    MOVE XML-TEXT TO WS-ELEMENT-NAME
    ADD 1 TO WS-ELEMENTS-FOUND
    
    *> Check if specific elements are present
    EVALUATE WS-ELEMENT-NAME
        WHEN 'customer'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-CUSTOMER-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Customer element PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS
            
        WHEN 'address'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-ADDRESS-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Address element PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS
            
        WHEN 'phone'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-PHONE-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Phone element PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS
            
        WHEN 'email'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-EMAIL-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Email element PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS
            
        WHEN OTHER
            DISPLAY "📋 Element found: " WS-ELEMENT-NAME
    END-EVALUATE
 
HANDLE-ELEMENT-CONTENT.
    MOVE XML-TEXT TO WS-ELEMENT-VALUE
    
    *> Process content based on current element
    EVALUATE WS-ELEMENT-NAME
        WHEN 'name'
            MOVE WS-ELEMENT-VALUE TO WS-CUSTOMER-NAME
            DISPLAY "  📝 Customer name: " WS-CUSTOMER-NAME
            
        WHEN 'phone'
            MOVE WS-ELEMENT-VALUE TO WS-CUSTOMER-PHONE
            DISPLAY "  📞 Phone number: " WS-CUSTOMER-PHONE
            
        WHEN 'email'
            MOVE WS-ELEMENT-VALUE TO WS-CUSTOMER-EMAIL
            DISPLAY "  📧 Email address: " WS-CUSTOMER-EMAIL
    END-EVALUATE
 
HANDLE-END-ELEMENT.
    *> Element processing completed
    DISPLAY "🔚 End of element: " WS-ELEMENT-NAME
 
DISPLAY-PARSING-RESULTS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== XML PARSING RESULTS ==="
    
    DISPLAY "Element Presence Analysis:"
    DISPLAY "  Customer element: " WS-CUSTOMER-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Address element:  " WS-ADDRESS-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Phone element:    " WS-PHONE-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Email element:    " WS-EMAIL-PRESENT
    
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "Parsing Statistics:"
    DISPLAY "  Total elements found: " WS-ELEMENTS-FOUND
    DISPLAY "  Required elements: " WS-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS
    DISPLAY "  Optional elements: " WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS
    
    *> Validate required elements are present
    IF WS-CUSTOMER-PRESENT = 'Y'
        DISPLAY "✅ All required elements present"
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "❌ Missing required elements"
    END-IF
    
    *> Count optional elements present
    COMPUTE WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT = 0
    IF WS-ADDRESS-PRESENT = 'Y'
        ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
    END-IF
    IF WS-PHONE-PRESENT = 'Y'
        ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
    END-IF
    IF WS-EMAIL-PRESENT = 'Y'
        ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
    END-IF
    
    DISPLAY "📊 Optional elements present: " WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT " of 3"
    
    *> Display extracted customer data
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "Extracted Customer Data:"
    IF WS-CUSTOMER-NAME NOT = SPACES
        DISPLAY "  Name: " WS-CUSTOMER-NAME
    END-IF
    IF WS-CUSTOMER-PHONE NOT = SPACES
        DISPLAY "  Phone: " WS-CUSTOMER-PHONE
    END-IF
    IF WS-CUSTOMER-EMAIL NOT = SPACES
        DISPLAY "  Email: " WS-CUSTOMER-EMAIL
    END-IF
XML Processing
Element Detection
Document Parsing

Advanced PRESENT Processing

Complex XML Document Validation
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*> Advanced PRESENT usage for complex XML processing
01 WS-ORDER-PROCESSING.
   05 WS-ORDER-XML           PIC X(10000).
   05 WS-ORDER-LENGTH        PIC 9(5) COMP.
   05 WS-CURRENT-ELEMENT     PIC X(50).
   05 WS-ELEMENT-DEPTH       PIC 9(2) VALUE 0.
 
01 WS-ORDER-STRUCTURE.
   05 WS-ORDER-HEADER-PRESENT    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-CUSTOMER-INFO-PRESENT   PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-BILLING-ADDR-PRESENT    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-SHIPPING-ADDR-PRESENT   PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-ORDER-ITEMS-PRESENT     PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-PAYMENT-INFO-PRESENT    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-DISCOUNT-INFO-PRESENT   PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   05 WS-SPECIAL-INSTR-PRESENT   PIC X VALUE 'N'.
 
01 WS-VALIDATION-RULES.
   05 WS-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS.
      10 WS-REQ-ORDER-HEADER     PIC X VALUE 'Y'.
      10 WS-REQ-CUSTOMER-INFO    PIC X VALUE 'Y'.
      10 WS-REQ-ORDER-ITEMS      PIC X VALUE 'Y'.
      10 WS-REQ-PAYMENT-INFO     PIC X VALUE 'Y'.
   
   05 WS-OPTIONAL-ELEMENTS.
      10 WS-OPT-BILLING-ADDR     PIC X VALUE 'N'.
      10 WS-OPT-SHIPPING-ADDR    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
      10 WS-OPT-DISCOUNT-INFO    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
      10 WS-OPT-SPECIAL-INSTR    PIC X VALUE 'N'.
 
01 WS-PROCESSING-RESULTS.
   05 WS-VALIDATION-STATUS       PIC X VALUE 'P'.  *> P=Pass, F=Fail
   05 WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS        PIC 9(2) VALUE 0.
   05 WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT          PIC 9(2) VALUE 0.
   05 WS-TOTAL-ELEMENTS          PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
   05 WS-PROCESSING-TIME         PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
 
01 WS-ERROR-TRACKING.
   05 WS-VALIDATION-ERRORS OCCURS 20 TIMES.
      10 WS-ERROR-TYPE           PIC X(20).
      10 WS-ERROR-ELEMENT        PIC X(30).
      10 WS-ERROR-MESSAGE        PIC X(100).
   05 WS-ERROR-COUNT             PIC 9(2) VALUE 0.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
ADVANCED-XML-PROCESSING.
    DISPLAY "=== ADVANCED XML PRESENT PROCESSING ==="
    
    PERFORM SETUP-COMPLEX-XML
    PERFORM VALIDATE-XML-STRUCTURE
    PERFORM PROCESS-CONDITIONAL-ELEMENTS
    PERFORM GENERATE-VALIDATION-REPORT
    
    DISPLAY "=== ADVANCED PROCESSING COMPLETE ==="
 
SETUP-COMPLEX-XML.
    DISPLAY "Setting up complex order XML..."
    
    *> Create comprehensive order XML
    STRING 
        ''
        ''
        '  '
        '    ORD-2023-001'
        '    2023-12-01'
        '    PENDING'
        '  '
        '  '
        '    CUST-12345'
        '    ABC Corporation'
        '    John Doe'
        '  '
        '  '
        '    456 Business Ave'
        '    Chicago'
        '    IL'
        '    60601'
        '  '
        '  '
        '    789 Warehouse Blvd'
        '    Milwaukee'
        '    WI'
        '    53201'
        '  '
        '  '
        '    '
        '      PROD-ABC-123'
        '      5'
        '      29.99'
        '    '
        '    '
        '      PROD-XYZ-789'
        '      2'
        '      149.99'
        '    '
        '  '
        '  '
        '    CREDIT_CARD'
        '    VISA'
        '    ****-****-****-1234'
        '  '
        '  '
        '    SAVE10'
        '    44.98'
        '  '
        ''
        DELIMITED BY SIZE
        INTO WS-ORDER-XML
    END-STRING
    
    COMPUTE WS-ORDER-LENGTH = FUNCTION LENGTH(FUNCTION TRIM(WS-ORDER-XML))
    DISPLAY "✅ Complex order XML prepared (" WS-ORDER-LENGTH " characters)"
 
VALIDATE-XML-STRUCTURE.
    DISPLAY "Validating XML structure using PRESENT..."
    
    *> Initialize presence flags
    INITIALIZE WS-ORDER-STRUCTURE
    MOVE 0 TO WS-ELEMENT-DEPTH
    MOVE 0 TO WS-TOTAL-ELEMENTS
    
    *> Parse and validate structure
    XML PARSE WS-ORDER-XML THRU XML-STRUCTURE-END
        PROCESSING PROCEDURE HANDLE-STRUCTURE-EVENTS
        ON EXCEPTION
            DISPLAY "❌ XML structure validation failed"
            MOVE 'F' TO WS-VALIDATION-STATUS
        NOT ON EXCEPTION
            DISPLAY "✅ XML structure validation completed"
    END-XML
 
XML-STRUCTURE-END.
    EXIT.
 
HANDLE-STRUCTURE-EVENTS.
    EVALUATE XML-EVENT
        WHEN 'START-OF-ELEMENT'
            PERFORM TRACK-ELEMENT-PRESENCE
            ADD 1 TO WS-ELEMENT-DEPTH
            ADD 1 TO WS-TOTAL-ELEMENTS
            
        WHEN 'END-OF-ELEMENT'
            SUBTRACT 1 FROM WS-ELEMENT-DEPTH
            
        WHEN 'START-OF-DOCUMENT'
            DISPLAY "📄 Beginning structure validation"
            
        WHEN 'END-OF-DOCUMENT'
            DISPLAY "📄 Structure validation complete"
            PERFORM VALIDATE-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS
    END-EVALUATE
 
TRACK-ELEMENT-PRESENCE.
    MOVE XML-TEXT TO WS-CURRENT-ELEMENT
    
    *> Track presence of key document sections
    EVALUATE WS-CURRENT-ELEMENT
        WHEN 'order-header'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-ORDER-HEADER-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Order header PRESENT"
            
        WHEN 'customer-info'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-CUSTOMER-INFO-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Customer info PRESENT"
            
        WHEN 'billing-address'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-BILLING-ADDR-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Billing address PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
            
        WHEN 'shipping-address'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-SHIPPING-ADDR-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Shipping address PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
            
        WHEN 'order-items'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-ORDER-ITEMS-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Order items PRESENT"
            
        WHEN 'payment-info'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-PAYMENT-INFO-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Payment info PRESENT"
            
        WHEN 'discount-info'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-DISCOUNT-INFO-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Discount info PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
            
        WHEN 'special-instructions'
            MOVE 'Y' TO WS-SPECIAL-INSTR-PRESENT
            DISPLAY "✅ Special instructions PRESENT"
            ADD 1 TO WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
    END-EVALUATE
 
VALIDATE-REQUIRED-ELEMENTS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "Validating required elements..."
    
    MOVE 0 TO WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    
    *> Check each required element
    IF WS-ORDER-HEADER-PRESENT NOT = 'Y'
        PERFORM LOG-VALIDATION-ERROR 
            WITH "MISSING_REQUIRED" "order-header" "Required order header missing"
        ADD 1 TO WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    END-IF
    
    IF WS-CUSTOMER-INFO-PRESENT NOT = 'Y'
        PERFORM LOG-VALIDATION-ERROR 
            WITH "MISSING_REQUIRED" "customer-info" "Required customer info missing"
        ADD 1 TO WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    END-IF
    
    IF WS-ORDER-ITEMS-PRESENT NOT = 'Y'
        PERFORM LOG-VALIDATION-ERROR 
            WITH "MISSING_REQUIRED" "order-items" "Required order items missing"
        ADD 1 TO WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    END-IF
    
    IF WS-PAYMENT-INFO-PRESENT NOT = 'Y'
        PERFORM LOG-VALIDATION-ERROR 
            WITH "MISSING_REQUIRED" "payment-info" "Required payment info missing"
        ADD 1 TO WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    END-IF
    
    *> Set overall validation status
    IF WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS = 0
        MOVE 'P' TO WS-VALIDATION-STATUS
        DISPLAY "✅ All required elements present"
    ELSE
        MOVE 'F' TO WS-VALIDATION-STATUS
        DISPLAY "❌ " WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS " required elements missing"
    END-IF
 
PROCESS-CONDITIONAL-ELEMENTS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "Processing conditional elements..."
    
    *> Process billing address if present
    IF WS-BILLING-ADDR-PRESENT = 'Y'
        DISPLAY "📍 Processing billing address information"
        PERFORM PROCESS-BILLING-ADDRESS
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "⚠️ Billing address not present - using default"
    END-IF
    
    *> Process shipping address if present
    IF WS-SHIPPING-ADDR-PRESENT = 'Y'
        DISPLAY "🚚 Processing shipping address information"
        PERFORM PROCESS-SHIPPING-ADDRESS
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "⚠️ Shipping address not present - using billing address"
    END-IF
    
    *> Process discount if present
    IF WS-DISCOUNT-INFO-PRESENT = 'Y'
        DISPLAY "💰 Processing discount information"
        PERFORM PROCESS-DISCOUNT-INFO
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "ℹ️ No discount information present"
    END-IF
    
    *> Process special instructions if present
    IF WS-SPECIAL-INSTR-PRESENT = 'Y'
        DISPLAY "📝 Processing special instructions"
        PERFORM PROCESS-SPECIAL-INSTRUCTIONS
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "ℹ️ No special instructions present"
    END-IF
 
PROCESS-BILLING-ADDRESS.
    DISPLAY "  Processing billing address details..."
 
PROCESS-SHIPPING-ADDRESS.
    DISPLAY "  Processing shipping address details..."
 
PROCESS-DISCOUNT-INFO.
    DISPLAY "  Applying discount calculations..."
 
PROCESS-SPECIAL-INSTRUCTIONS.
    DISPLAY "  Processing special handling instructions..."
 
LOG-VALIDATION-ERROR.
    USING ERROR-TYPE-PARM ERROR-ELEMENT-PARM ERROR-MESSAGE-PARM.
    
    ADD 1 TO WS-ERROR-COUNT
    MOVE ERROR-TYPE-PARM TO WS-ERROR-TYPE(WS-ERROR-COUNT)
    MOVE ERROR-ELEMENT-PARM TO WS-ERROR-ELEMENT(WS-ERROR-COUNT)
    MOVE ERROR-MESSAGE-PARM TO WS-ERROR-MESSAGE(WS-ERROR-COUNT)
 
GENERATE-VALIDATION-REPORT.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== XML VALIDATION REPORT ==="
    
    DISPLAY "Document Structure Analysis:"
    DISPLAY "  Total elements processed: " WS-TOTAL-ELEMENTS
    DISPLAY "  Validation status: " WS-VALIDATION-STATUS
    DISPLAY "  Missing required elements: " WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS
    DISPLAY "  Optional elements present: " WS-OPTIONAL-COUNT
    
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "Element Presence Summary:"
    DISPLAY "  Order Header: " WS-ORDER-HEADER-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Customer Info: " WS-CUSTOMER-INFO-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Billing Address: " WS-BILLING-ADDR-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Shipping Address: " WS-SHIPPING-ADDR-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Order Items: " WS-ORDER-ITEMS-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Payment Info: " WS-PAYMENT-INFO-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Discount Info: " WS-DISCOUNT-INFO-PRESENT
    DISPLAY "  Special Instructions: " WS-SPECIAL-INSTR-PRESENT
    
    *> Display validation errors if any
    IF WS-ERROR-COUNT > 0
        DISPLAY " "
        DISPLAY "Validation Errors:"
        PERFORM VARYING ERROR-INDEX FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL ERROR-INDEX > WS-ERROR-COUNT
            DISPLAY "  " ERROR-INDEX ": " WS-ERROR-TYPE(ERROR-INDEX)
            DISPLAY "     Element: " WS-ERROR-ELEMENT(ERROR-INDEX)
            DISPLAY "     Message: " WS-ERROR-MESSAGE(ERROR-INDEX)
        END-PERFORM
    ELSE
        DISPLAY " "
        DISPLAY "✅ No validation errors detected"
    END-IF
    
    *> Calculate completeness score
    COMPUTE WS-COMPLETENESS-SCORE = 
        ((4 - WS-MISSING-ELEMENTS) / 4) * 100
    
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "📊 Document Completeness: " WS-COMPLETENESS-SCORE "%"
    
    IF WS-COMPLETENESS-SCORE = 100
        DISPLAY "🌟 Perfect document structure"
    ELSE
        IF WS-COMPLETENESS-SCORE >= 75
            DISPLAY "✅ Good document structure"
        ELSE
            DISPLAY "⚠️ Document structure needs attention"
        END-IF
    END-IF

PRESENT Features and Capabilities

XML Processing
  • • Element presence detection
  • • Conditional processing logic
  • • Document structure validation
  • • Optional element handling
Modern Applications
  • • Web service integration
  • • API response processing
  • • Configuration file parsing
  • • Data transformation workflows

Best Practices

Related Concepts

XML Processing

XML document parsing and generation

Modern COBOL

Contemporary programming features

Data Integration

External data source processing