COBOL Tutorial

COBOL ROUNDED Clause - Quick Reference

Progress0 of 0 lessons

Overview

The ROUNDED clause is used in arithmetic operations to control decimal precision. It ensures that decimal results are properly rounded according to standard rounding rules rather than being truncated.

Purpose and Usage

Decimal precision - Control rounding behavior in arithmetic
Financial accuracy - Ensure precise financial calculations
Standard rounding - Apply standard rounding rules
Precision control - Avoid truncation errors
Data integrity - Maintain calculation accuracy

Rounding Concept

Standard Rounding Rules:

3.1 → 3 (rounds down)

3.4 → 3 (rounds down)

3.5 → 4 (rounds up)

3.9 → 4 (rounds up)

ROUNDED applies these rules automatically

ROUNDED follows standard mathematical rounding rules.

Syntax

The ROUNDED clause can be used with all basic arithmetic operations.

Basic Syntax

cobol

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
* Basic ROUNDED syntax with arithmetic operations
ADD source TO target ROUNDED
SUBTRACT source FROM target ROUNDED
MULTIPLY source BY target ROUNDED
DIVIDE source INTO target ROUNDED
DIVIDE source BY divisor GIVING result ROUNDED
 
* With COMPUTE statement
COMPUTE result = expression ROUNDED
 
* Complete example
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ROUNDED-EXAMPLE.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  AMOUNT-1         PIC 9(5)V99 VALUE 123456.
01  AMOUNT-2         PIC 9(5)V99 VALUE 789012.
01  RESULT           PIC 9(6)V99.
01  INTEREST-RATE    PIC 9(3)V9999 VALUE 12345.
01  PRINCIPAL        PIC 9(8)V99 VALUE 10000000.
01  INTEREST         PIC 9(8)V99.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-LOGIC.
    * Addition with ROUNDED
    ADD AMOUNT-1 TO AMOUNT-2 GIVING RESULT ROUNDED
    DISPLAY "Rounded addition: " RESULT
    
    * Division with ROUNDED
    DIVIDE PRINCIPAL BY 12 GIVING RESULT ROUNDED
    DISPLAY "Rounded division: " RESULT
    
    * Interest calculation with ROUNDED
    MULTIPLY PRINCIPAL BY INTEREST-RATE GIVING INTEREST ROUNDED
    DIVIDE INTEREST BY 10000 GIVING INTEREST ROUNDED
    DISPLAY "Rounded interest: " INTEREST
    
    STOP RUN.

ROUNDED can be used with all arithmetic operations and COMPUTE.

ROUNDED vs Truncation Comparison

Operation	With ROUNDED	Without ROUNDED
10 ÷ 3 (2 decimals)	3.33	3.32
15.5 + 2.5	18.0	18.0
100 × 0.075	7.5	7.5
25.7 ÷ 3	8.57	8.56

Practical Examples

These examples demonstrate how to use the ROUNDED clause effectively in different calculation scenarios.

Financial Calculations

cobol

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. FINANCIAL-CALCULATIONS.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  PRINCIPAL        PIC 9(8)V99 VALUE 10000000.
01  INTEREST-RATE    PIC 9(3)V9999 VALUE 8750.
01  YEARS            PIC 9(2) VALUE 5.
01  INTEREST         PIC 9(8)V99.
01  MONTHLY-PAYMENT  PIC 9(6)V99.
01  TOTAL-AMOUNT     PIC 9(8)V99.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
CALCULATE-LOAN.
    * Calculate annual interest
    MULTIPLY PRINCIPAL BY INTEREST-RATE GIVING INTEREST ROUNDED
    DIVIDE INTEREST BY 10000 GIVING INTEREST ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate total amount with compound interest
    COMPUTE TOTAL-AMOUNT = PRINCIPAL * (1 + INTEREST-RATE / 10000) ** YEARS ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate monthly payment
    DIVIDE TOTAL-AMOUNT BY YEARS GIVING MONTHLY-PAYMENT ROUNDED
    DIVIDE MONTHLY-PAYMENT BY 12 GIVING MONTHLY-PAYMENT ROUNDED
    
    DISPLAY "Principal: " PRINCIPAL
    DISPLAY "Interest Rate: " INTEREST-RATE
    DISPLAY "Annual Interest: " INTEREST
    DISPLAY "Total Amount: " TOTAL-AMOUNT
    DISPLAY "Monthly Payment: " MONTHLY-PAYMENT
    
    STOP RUN.

ROUNDED ensures precise financial calculations.

Tax Calculations

cobol

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
* Tax calculation with ROUNDED
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  GROSS-INCOME     PIC 9(8)V99 VALUE 7500000.
01  TAX-RATE         PIC 9(3)V9999 VALUE 2500.
01  DEDUCTIONS       PIC 9(6)V99 VALUE 125000.
01  TAXABLE-INCOME   PIC 9(8)V99.
01  TAX-AMOUNT       PIC 9(7)V99.
01  NET-INCOME       PIC 9(8)V99.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
CALCULATE-TAX.
    * Calculate taxable income
    SUBTRACT DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS-INCOME GIVING TAXABLE-INCOME ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate tax amount
    MULTIPLY TAXABLE-INCOME BY TAX-RATE GIVING TAX-AMOUNT ROUNDED
    DIVIDE TAX-AMOUNT BY 10000 GIVING TAX-AMOUNT ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate net income
    SUBTRACT TAX-AMOUNT FROM GROSS-INCOME GIVING NET-INCOME ROUNDED
    
    DISPLAY "Gross Income: " GROSS-INCOME
    DISPLAY "Deductions: " DEDUCTIONS
    DISPLAY "Taxable Income: " TAXABLE-INCOME
    DISPLAY "Tax Rate: " TAX-RATE
    DISPLAY "Tax Amount: " TAX-AMOUNT
    DISPLAY "Net Income: " NET-INCOME.

ROUNDED ensures accurate tax calculations.

Percentage Calculations

cobol

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
* Percentage calculations with ROUNDED
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  TOTAL-SALES      PIC 9(8)V99 VALUE 12500000.
01  PRODUCT-SALES    PIC 9(6)V99 VALUE 325000.
01  PERCENTAGE       PIC 9(3)V9999.
01  DISCOUNT-RATE    PIC 9(3)V9999 VALUE 1500.
01  DISCOUNT-AMOUNT  PIC 9(6)V99.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
CALCULATE-PERCENTAGES.
    * Calculate percentage of total sales
    MULTIPLY PRODUCT-SALES BY 100 GIVING PERCENTAGE ROUNDED
    DIVIDE PERCENTAGE BY TOTAL-SALES GIVING PERCENTAGE ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate discount amount
    MULTIPLY PRODUCT-SALES BY DISCOUNT-RATE GIVING DISCOUNT-AMOUNT ROUNDED
    DIVIDE DISCOUNT-AMOUNT BY 10000 GIVING DISCOUNT-AMOUNT ROUNDED
    
    DISPLAY "Total Sales: " TOTAL-SALES
    DISPLAY "Product Sales: " PRODUCT-SALES
    DISPLAY "Percentage: " PERCENTAGE
    DISPLAY "Discount Rate: " DISCOUNT-RATE
    DISPLAY "Discount Amount: " DISCOUNT-AMOUNT.

ROUNDED ensures precise percentage calculations.

Inventory Calculations

cobol

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
* Inventory calculations with ROUNDED
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  UNITS-SOLD       PIC 9(6) VALUE 1250.
01  UNIT-PRICE       PIC 9(5)V99 VALUE 2999.
01  TOTAL-REVENUE    PIC 9(8)V99.
01  COST-PER-UNIT    PIC 9(5)V99 VALUE 1899.
01  TOTAL-COST       PIC 9(8)V99.
01  PROFIT-MARGIN    PIC 9(3)V9999.
01  PROFIT-AMOUNT    PIC 9(7)V99.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
CALCULATE-INVENTORY.
    * Calculate total revenue
    MULTIPLY UNITS-SOLD BY UNIT-PRICE GIVING TOTAL-REVENUE ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate total cost
    MULTIPLY UNITS-SOLD BY COST-PER-UNIT GIVING TOTAL-COST ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate profit amount
    SUBTRACT TOTAL-COST FROM TOTAL-REVENUE GIVING PROFIT-AMOUNT ROUNDED
    
    * Calculate profit margin percentage
    MULTIPLY PROFIT-AMOUNT BY 100 GIVING PROFIT-MARGIN ROUNDED
    DIVIDE PROFIT-MARGIN BY TOTAL-REVENUE GIVING PROFIT-MARGIN ROUNDED
    
    DISPLAY "Units Sold: " UNITS-SOLD
    DISPLAY "Unit Price: " UNIT-PRICE
    DISPLAY "Total Revenue: " TOTAL-REVENUE
    DISPLAY "Cost Per Unit: " COST-PER-UNIT
    DISPLAY "Total Cost: " TOTAL-COST
    DISPLAY "Profit Amount: " PROFIT-AMOUNT
    DISPLAY "Profit Margin: " PROFIT-MARGIN.

ROUNDED ensures accurate inventory calculations.

Best Practices and Considerations

Understanding best practices ensures accurate and reliable calculations.

Best Practices

Use consistently - Apply ROUNDED to all financial calculations
Check field sizes - Ensure target fields can accommodate rounded results
Understand business rules - Verify rounding behavior meets requirements
Test thoroughly - Verify calculations with known test cases
Document usage - Clearly specify when ROUNDED is used
Consider precision - Balance precision needs with performance

Common Use Cases

Use Case	Description	Example
Financial Calculations	Interest, taxes, payments	Interest = Principal × Rate ROUNDED
Percentage Calculations	Ratios, discounts, margins	Percentage = (Part / Total) × 100 ROUNDED
Inventory Management	Costs, profits, quantities	Total = Units × Price ROUNDED
Statistical Calculations	Averages, ratios, rates	Average = Sum / Count ROUNDED
Currency Conversions	Exchange rates, conversions	Converted = Amount × Rate ROUNDED

Performance Considerations

Minimal impact - ROUNDED has negligible performance effect
Arithmetic operation - Only affects calculation time
Precision vs speed - ROUNDED improves accuracy
Field size impact - Larger fields may affect performance
Consistent usage - Use ROUNDED consistently for best results

ROUNDED Clause Quick Reference

Operation	Syntax	Example
ADD	ADD source TO target ROUNDED	ADD AMOUNT TO TOTAL ROUNDED
SUBTRACT	SUBTRACT source FROM target ROUNDED	SUBTRACT DEDUCTION FROM GROSS ROUNDED
MULTIPLY	MULTIPLY source BY target ROUNDED	MULTIPLY RATE BY AMOUNT ROUNDED
DIVIDE	DIVIDE source INTO target ROUNDED	DIVIDE TOTAL INTO SHARES ROUNDED
COMPUTE	COMPUTE result = expression ROUNDED	COMPUTE RESULT = A + B * C ROUNDED

Test Your Knowledge

1. What is the primary purpose of the ROUNDED clause in COBOL?

To round decimal numbers to the nearest whole number
To control decimal precision in arithmetic operations
To truncate decimal numbers
To format numbers for display

2. In which arithmetic operations can ROUNDED be used?

Only ADD operations
Only MULTIPLY operations
ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE operations
Only COMPUTE operations

3. What happens when ROUNDED is not specified in an arithmetic operation?

The result is automatically rounded
The result is truncated (decimal places are dropped)
An error occurs
The operation fails

4. How does ROUNDED handle the value 3.5?

It rounds down to 3
It rounds up to 4
It truncates to 3
It depends on the field definition

5. Can ROUNDED be used with the COMPUTE statement?

No, only with individual arithmetic verbs
Yes, with the ROUNDED phrase
Only with simple COMPUTE statements
Only with complex expressions

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Concepts

Arithmetic Operations

Understanding basic arithmetic operations in COBOL.

COMPUTE Statement

Using COMPUTE for complex arithmetic expressions.

Data Types

Understanding numeric data types in COBOL.

Financial Calculations

Financial calculation techniques in COBOL.

Precision Control

Controlling precision in COBOL calculations.

ROLLBACK Statement RUN Statement

COBOL Tutorial

COBOL ROUNDED Clause - Quick Reference

Overview

Purpose and Usage

Rounding Concept

Syntax

Basic Syntax

ROUNDED vs Truncation Comparison

Practical Examples

Financial Calculations

Tax Calculations

Percentage Calculations

Inventory Calculations

Best Practices and Considerations

Best Practices

Common Use Cases

Performance Considerations

ROUNDED Clause Quick Reference

Test Your Knowledge

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between ROUNDED and truncation in COBOL arithmetic?

How do you implement ROUNDED in different arithmetic operations?

Can you use ROUNDED with all numeric data types in COBOL?

What are some common use cases for the ROUNDED clause?

How does ROUNDED affect program performance and precision?

Related Concepts

Arithmetic Operations

COMPUTE Statement

Data Types

Financial Calculations

Precision Control

Related Pages