What is PACKED-DECIMAL in COBOL?

PACKED-DECIMAL (also known as COMP-3) is a numeric data format that stores decimal digits in a compressed format, using 4 bits per digit with the sign stored in the rightmost half-byte. This provides efficient storage and faster arithmetic operations on mainframe systems.

How does PACKED-DECIMAL storage work?

PACKED-DECIMAL stores two decimal digits per byte, except for the rightmost byte which contains one digit and the sign. For example, a 5-digit packed decimal field uses 3 bytes: the first two bytes store 4 digits, and the last byte stores 1 digit plus the sign.

What are the advantages of using PACKED-DECIMAL?

PACKED-DECIMAL offers space efficiency (50% storage reduction compared to display format), faster arithmetic operations on mainframes, automatic decimal alignment, and better performance for financial calculations requiring exact decimal precision.

MainframeMaster

COBOL Tutorial

COBOL PACKED-DECIMAL

The PACKED-DECIMAL data type in COBOL represents sophisticated numeric storage optimization and comprehensive decimal arithmetic capabilities within mainframe programming environments, providing advanced space-efficient encoding mechanisms for numeric data, enhanced computational performance features, and intelligent decimal precision management patterns that enable optimal storage utilization, efficient arithmetic processing workflows, and systematic numeric data handling requirements while maintaining calculation accuracy, ensuring optimal performance characteristics, and enabling scalable numeric architectures across enterprise applications requiring precise decimal arithmetic, efficient storage capabilities, and reliable numeric processing throughout sophisticated financial calculation scenarios and high-volume numeric data operations.

PACKED-DECIMAL Definition and Usage

Basic PACKED-DECIMAL Syntax and Storage

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*> Basic PACKED-DECIMAL definitions
01 FINANCIAL-DATA.
   05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE        PIC 9(9)V99 USAGE IS PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 TRANSACTION-AMOUNT     PIC S9(7)V99 USAGE PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 INTEREST-RATE          PIC 9V9999 USAGE IS PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 CUSTOMER-CREDIT-LIMIT  PIC 9(8)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Alternative COMP-3 syntax (equivalent to PACKED-DECIMAL)
01 PAYROLL-DATA.
   05 EMPLOYEE-SALARY        PIC 9(7)V99 COMP-3.
   05 OVERTIME-HOURS         PIC 9(3)V9 COMP-3.
   05 TAX-RATE              PIC 9V999 COMP-3.
   05 DEDUCTION-AMOUNT      PIC S9(6)V99 COMP-3.
 
*> Mixed precision PACKED-DECIMAL fields
01 STATISTICAL-DATA.
   05 SAMPLE-COUNT          PIC 9(8) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MEAN-VALUE            PIC S9(7)V9999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 STANDARD-DEVIATION    PIC 9(6)V99999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 VARIANCE              PIC 9(8)V9999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Inventory management with PACKED-DECIMAL
01 INVENTORY-RECORD.
   05 ITEM-CODE             PIC X(12).
   05 QUANTITY-ON-HAND      PIC 9(7) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 UNIT-COST             PIC 9(5)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 EXTENDED-VALUE        PIC 9(10)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 REORDER-POINT         PIC 9(6) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MAXIMUM-STOCK         PIC 9(7) PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Arithmetic operations with PACKED-DECIMAL
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PACKED-DECIMAL-CALCULATIONS.
    *> Basic arithmetic with automatic decimal alignment
    ADD TRANSACTION-AMOUNT TO ACCOUNT-BALANCE
    SUBTRACT DEDUCTION-AMOUNT FROM EMPLOYEE-SALARY
    MULTIPLY UNIT-COST BY QUANTITY-ON-HAND GIVING EXTENDED-VALUE
    DIVIDE EMPLOYEE-SALARY BY 12 GIVING MONTHLY-SALARY
    
    *> Complex calculations maintain precision
    COMPUTE INTEREST-AMOUNT = ACCOUNT-BALANCE * INTEREST-RATE
    COMPUTE NET-PAY = EMPLOYEE-SALARY - (EMPLOYEE-SALARY * TAX-RATE)
    COMPUTE STATISTICAL-VARIANCE = 
        (MEAN-VALUE * MEAN-VALUE) - (SAMPLE-COUNT * STANDARD-DEVIATION)
 
*> Working with different precision levels
01 CURRENCY-CONVERSION.
   05 USD-AMOUNT            PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 EXCHANGE-RATE         PIC 9V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 FOREIGN-AMOUNT        PIC 9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 CONVERSION-FEE        PIC 9(6)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
CURRENCY-CONVERSION-PROC.
    COMPUTE FOREIGN-AMOUNT = USD-AMOUNT * EXCHANGE-RATE
    COMPUTE CONVERSION-FEE = FOREIGN-AMOUNT * 0.025
    SUBTRACT CONVERSION-FEE FROM FOREIGN-AMOUNT
 
*> PACKED-DECIMAL in table operations
01 SALES-ANALYSIS.
   05 MONTHLY-SALES OCCURS 12 TIMES.
      10 SALES-AMOUNT       PIC 9(8)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 COMMISSION-RATE    PIC 9V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 COMMISSION-EARNED  PIC 9(6)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 ANNUAL-TOTAL          PIC 9(10)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 AVERAGE-MONTHLY       PIC 9(8)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
SALES-ANALYSIS-PROC.
    MOVE ZERO TO ANNUAL-TOTAL
    PERFORM VARYING MONTH-INDEX FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL MONTH-INDEX > 12
        COMPUTE COMMISSION-EARNED(MONTH-INDEX) = 
            SALES-AMOUNT(MONTH-INDEX) * COMMISSION-RATE(MONTH-INDEX)
        ADD SALES-AMOUNT(MONTH-INDEX) TO ANNUAL-TOTAL
    END-PERFORM
    DIVIDE ANNUAL-TOTAL BY 12 GIVING AVERAGE-MONTHLY

Space Efficient

Decimal Precision

Mainframe Optimized

Storage Layout and Internal Representation

PACKED-DECIMAL Storage Format

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*> Understanding PACKED-DECIMAL storage layout
*> PIC 9(5) PACKED-DECIMAL stores value 12345 as:
*> Byte 1: 12 (hex)
*> Byte 2: 34 (hex) 
*> Byte 3: 5F (hex) - where F indicates positive sign
 
*> Storage calculations for PACKED-DECIMAL fields
01 STORAGE-EXAMPLES.
   *> PIC 9(3) PACKED-DECIMAL    = 2 bytes ((3+1)/2)
   05 SMALL-AMOUNT       PIC 9(3) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   
   *> PIC 9(5) PACKED-DECIMAL    = 3 bytes ((5+1)/2)
   05 MEDIUM-AMOUNT      PIC 9(5) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   
   *> PIC S9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL = 5 bytes ((7+2+1)/2)
   05 LARGE-AMOUNT       PIC S9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   
   *> PIC 9(9)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL = 7 bytes ((9+3+1)/2)
   05 PRECISION-AMOUNT   PIC 9(9)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Demonstrating storage efficiency
01 STORAGE-COMPARISON.
   *> Display format: 9 bytes
   05 DISPLAY-PRICE      PIC 9(7)V99 DISPLAY.
   
   *> Packed format: 5 bytes (44% storage savings)
   05 PACKED-PRICE       PIC 9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   
   *> Binary format: 4 bytes but loses decimal precision
   05 BINARY-PRICE       PIC 9(9) BINARY.
 
*> Sign handling in PACKED-DECIMAL
01 SIGNED-PACKED-EXAMPLES.
   05 POSITIVE-BALANCE   PIC 9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL VALUE +1234.56.
   05 NEGATIVE-BALANCE   PIC S9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL VALUE -1234.56.
   05 UNSIGNED-AMOUNT    PIC 9(6) PACKED-DECIMAL VALUE 123456.
 
*> Internal representation examples:
*> Value +123.45 in PIC S9(3)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL:
*> Hex: 12 34 5F (F = positive sign)
*> 
*> Value -123.45 in PIC S9(3)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL:
*> Hex: 12 34 5D (D = negative sign)
*>
*> Value 12345 in PIC 9(5) PACKED-DECIMAL:
*> Hex: 01 23 45 (implicit positive, no sign needed)
 
DISPLAY-STORAGE-INFO.
    DISPLAY "Storage Requirements:"
    DISPLAY "PIC 9(3) PACKED-DECIMAL: " 
            FUNCTION LENGTH(SMALL-AMOUNT) " bytes"
    DISPLAY "PIC 9(5) PACKED-DECIMAL: " 
            FUNCTION LENGTH(MEDIUM-AMOUNT) " bytes"
    DISPLAY "PIC S9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL: " 
            FUNCTION LENGTH(LARGE-AMOUNT) " bytes"
    DISPLAY "PIC 9(9)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL: " 
            FUNCTION LENGTH(PRECISION-AMOUNT) " bytes"
 
*> Conversion between formats
CONVERT-FORMATS.
    *> Move from display to packed (automatic conversion)
    MOVE "0001234.56" TO DISPLAY-PRICE
    MOVE DISPLAY-PRICE TO PACKED-PRICE
    
    *> Move from packed to display (automatic conversion)
    MOVE PACKED-PRICE TO DISPLAY-PRICE
    
    *> Arithmetic preserves packed format efficiency
    ADD 100.50 TO PACKED-PRICE
    MULTIPLY PACKED-PRICE BY 1.05 GIVING PACKED-PRICE
    
    DISPLAY "Packed price after calculations: " PACKED-PRICE

Advanced PACKED-DECIMAL Applications

Financial Processing

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*> Banking transaction processing
01 BANK-TRANSACTION.
   05 TRANSACTION-ID      PIC X(12).
   05 ACCOUNT-NUMBER      PIC 9(10).
   05 TRANSACTION-AMOUNT  PIC S9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 RUNNING-BALANCE     PIC S9(13)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 AVAILABLE-CREDIT    PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 INTEREST-EARNED     PIC 9(8)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
PROCESS-BANKING-TRANSACTION.
    *> High-precision interest calculation
    COMPUTE DAILY-INTEREST = 
        RUNNING-BALANCE * DAILY-RATE
    ADD DAILY-INTEREST TO INTEREST-EARNED
    
    *> Overdraft protection calculation
    IF TRANSACTION-AMOUNT < ZERO
        IF ABS(TRANSACTION-AMOUNT) > 
           (RUNNING-BALANCE + AVAILABLE-CREDIT)
            DISPLAY "Insufficient funds"
            PERFORM DECLINE-TRANSACTION
        END-IF
    END-IF
    
    ADD TRANSACTION-AMOUNT TO RUNNING-BALANCE

Statistical Analysis

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*> Scientific calculation with precision
01 STATISTICS-WORK.
   05 DATA-POINTS OCCURS 1000 TIMES.
      10 MEASURED-VALUE   PIC S9(8)V99999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 SUM-VALUES          PIC S9(15)V99999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MEAN-VALUE          PIC S9(10)V99999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 VARIANCE            PIC S9(12)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 STD-DEVIATION       PIC S9(10)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
CALCULATE-STATISTICS.
    *> Calculate mean with high precision
    MOVE ZERO TO SUM-VALUES
    PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 1000
        ADD MEASURED-VALUE(I) TO SUM-VALUES
    END-PERFORM
    DIVIDE SUM-VALUES BY 1000 GIVING MEAN-VALUE
    
    *> Calculate variance
    MOVE ZERO TO VARIANCE
    PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 1000
        COMPUTE WS-DIFF = MEASURED-VALUE(I) - MEAN-VALUE
        COMPUTE WS-SQUARED-DIFF = WS-DIFF * WS-DIFF
        ADD WS-SQUARED-DIFF TO VARIANCE
    END-PERFORM
    DIVIDE VARIANCE BY 999 GIVING VARIANCE

Comprehensive PACKED-DECIMAL Implementation

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PACKED-DECIMAL-DEMO.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
*> Financial portfolio management system
01 PORTFOLIO-MANAGEMENT.
   05 PORTFOLIO-ID          PIC X(10).
   05 TOTAL-INVESTMENTS     PIC 9(12)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 CURRENT-VALUE         PIC 9(13)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 GAIN-LOSS             PIC S9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 PERCENTAGE-RETURN     PIC S9(3)V9999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 DIVIDEND-INCOME       PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 ANNUAL-FEE            PIC 9(6)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
01 INVESTMENT-HOLDINGS OCCURS 50 TIMES.
   05 STOCK-SYMBOL          PIC X(6).
   05 SHARES-OWNED          PIC 9(8)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 PURCHASE-PRICE        PIC 9(6)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 CURRENT-PRICE         PIC 9(6)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MARKET-VALUE          PIC 9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 UNREALIZED-GAIN       PIC S9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 DIVIDEND-YIELD        PIC 9V99999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Currency exchange system
01 CURRENCY-EXCHANGE.
   05 EXCHANGE-RATES OCCURS 10 TIMES.
      10 CURRENCY-CODE      PIC X(3).
      10 USD-RATE           PIC 9(2)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 BUY-RATE           PIC 9(2)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 SELL-RATE          PIC 9(2)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 CONVERSION-AMOUNTS OCCURS 10 TIMES.
      10 SOURCE-AMOUNT      PIC 9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 TARGET-AMOUNT      PIC 9(11)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
      10 CONVERSION-FEE     PIC 9(7)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Loan amortization calculations
01 LOAN-AMORTIZATION.
   05 PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT      PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 ANNUAL-INTEREST-RATE  PIC 9V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 LOAN-TERM-MONTHS      PIC 9(3) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MONTHLY-PAYMENT       PIC 9(6)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 TOTAL-INTEREST        PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 REMAINING-BALANCE     PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
01 PAYMENT-SCHEDULE OCCURS 360 TIMES.
   05 PAYMENT-NUMBER        PIC 9(3).
   05 PRINCIPAL-PAYMENT     PIC 9(6)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 INTEREST-PAYMENT      PIC 9(6)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 BALANCE-REMAINING     PIC 9(9)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
*> Performance measurement data
01 PERFORMANCE-METRICS.
   05 CALCULATION-COUNT     PIC 9(8) PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 TOTAL-PROCESSING-TIME PIC 9(8)V999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 AVERAGE-CALC-TIME     PIC 9(5)V999999 PACKED-DECIMAL.
   05 MEMORY-USAGE          PIC 9(8) PACKED-DECIMAL.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-PACKED-DECIMAL-DEMO.
    DISPLAY "=== PACKED-DECIMAL DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    PERFORM INITIALIZE-DEMO-DATA
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-PORTFOLIO-MANAGEMENT
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-CURRENCY-EXCHANGE
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-LOAN-CALCULATIONS
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-PERFORMANCE-ANALYSIS
    PERFORM DISPLAY-STORAGE-EFFICIENCY
    
    DISPLAY "=== PACKED-DECIMAL DEMO COMPLETE ==="
    STOP RUN.
 
INITIALIZE-DEMO-DATA.
    DISPLAY "Initializing PACKED-DECIMAL demonstration data..."
    
    *> Initialize portfolio data
    MOVE "PORT12345" TO PORTFOLIO-ID
    MOVE 500000.00 TO TOTAL-INVESTMENTS
    MOVE 0 TO CURRENT-VALUE
    MOVE 0 TO DIVIDEND-INCOME
    MOVE 250.00 TO ANNUAL-FEE
    
    *> Initialize sample holdings
    MOVE "AAPL" TO STOCK-SYMBOL(1)
    MOVE 100.000 TO SHARES-OWNED(1)
    MOVE 150.250 TO PURCHASE-PRICE(1)
    MOVE 175.500 TO CURRENT-PRICE(1)
    MOVE 0.0234 TO DIVIDEND-YIELD(1)
    
    MOVE "MSFT" TO STOCK-SYMBOL(2)
    MOVE 75.500 TO SHARES-OWNED(2)
    MOVE 280.750 TO PURCHASE-PRICE(2)
    MOVE 325.100 TO CURRENT-PRICE(2)
    MOVE 0.0156 TO DIVIDEND-YIELD(2)
    
    *> Initialize exchange rates
    MOVE "EUR" TO CURRENCY-CODE(1)
    MOVE 1.185000 TO USD-RATE(1)
    MOVE 1.187000 TO BUY-RATE(1)
    MOVE 1.183000 TO SELL-RATE(1)
    
    MOVE "GBP" TO CURRENCY-CODE(2)
    MOVE 1.375000 TO USD-RATE(2)
    MOVE 1.378000 TO BUY-RATE(2)
    MOVE 1.372000 TO SELL-RATE(2)
    
    *> Initialize loan data
    MOVE 250000.00 TO PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT
    MOVE 0.045000 TO ANNUAL-INTEREST-RATE
    MOVE 360 TO LOAN-TERM-MONTHS
    
    DISPLAY "✅ Demo data initialized with PACKED-DECIMAL precision".
 
DEMONSTRATE-PORTFOLIO-MANAGEMENT.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT WITH PACKED-DECIMAL ==="
    
    *> Calculate market values with precise arithmetic
    PERFORM VARYING WS-INDEX FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL WS-INDEX > 2
        COMPUTE MARKET-VALUE(WS-INDEX) = 
            SHARES-OWNED(WS-INDEX) * CURRENT-PRICE(WS-INDEX)
        
        COMPUTE UNREALIZED-GAIN(WS-INDEX) = 
            MARKET-VALUE(WS-INDEX) - 
            (SHARES-OWNED(WS-INDEX) * PURCHASE-PRICE(WS-INDEX))
        
        ADD MARKET-VALUE(WS-INDEX) TO CURRENT-VALUE
        ADD UNREALIZED-GAIN(WS-INDEX) TO GAIN-LOSS
        
        *> Calculate annual dividend income
        COMPUTE WS-DIVIDEND-INCOME = 
            MARKET-VALUE(WS-INDEX) * DIVIDEND-YIELD(WS-INDEX)
        ADD WS-DIVIDEND-INCOME TO DIVIDEND-INCOME
    END-PERFORM
    
    *> Calculate percentage return
    COMPUTE PERCENTAGE-RETURN = 
        (GAIN-LOSS / TOTAL-INVESTMENTS) * 100
    
    DISPLAY "Portfolio Analysis Results:"
    DISPLAY "  📊 Total Investment: $" TOTAL-INVESTMENTS
    DISPLAY "  💰 Current Value: $" CURRENT-VALUE
    DISPLAY "  📈 Gain/Loss: $" GAIN-LOSS
    DISPLAY "  📉 Return %: " PERCENTAGE-RETURN "%"
    DISPLAY "  💵 Annual Dividends: $" DIVIDEND-INCOME
    
    *> Detailed holdings
    PERFORM VARYING WS-INDEX FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL WS-INDEX > 2
        DISPLAY "  🏢 " STOCK-SYMBOL(WS-INDEX) ":"
        DISPLAY "    Shares: " SHARES-OWNED(WS-INDEX)
        DISPLAY "    Market Value: $" MARKET-VALUE(WS-INDEX)
        DISPLAY "    Unrealized Gain: $" UNREALIZED-GAIN(WS-INDEX)
    END-PERFORM.
 
DEMONSTRATE-CURRENCY-EXCHANGE.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== CURRENCY EXCHANGE WITH PACKED-DECIMAL ==="
    
    *> Convert USD to foreign currencies
    MOVE 10000.00 TO SOURCE-AMOUNT(1)
    COMPUTE TARGET-AMOUNT(1) = SOURCE-AMOUNT(1) / USD-RATE(1)
    COMPUTE CONVERSION-FEE(1) = TARGET-AMOUNT(1) * 0.0025
    SUBTRACT CONVERSION-FEE(1) FROM TARGET-AMOUNT(1)
    
    MOVE 5000.00 TO SOURCE-AMOUNT(2)
    COMPUTE TARGET-AMOUNT(2) = SOURCE-AMOUNT(2) / USD-RATE(2)
    COMPUTE CONVERSION-FEE(2) = TARGET-AMOUNT(2) * 0.0025
    SUBTRACT CONVERSION-FEE(2) FROM TARGET-AMOUNT(2)
    
    DISPLAY "Currency Conversion Results:"
    DISPLAY "  💱 USD to EUR:"
    DISPLAY "    Amount: $" SOURCE-AMOUNT(1)
    DISPLAY "    Rate: " USD-RATE(1)
    DISPLAY "    Converted: €" TARGET-AMOUNT(1)
    DISPLAY "    Fee: €" CONVERSION-FEE(1)
    
    DISPLAY "  💱 USD to GBP:"
    DISPLAY "    Amount: $" SOURCE-AMOUNT(2)
    DISPLAY "    Rate: " USD-RATE(2)
    DISPLAY "    Converted: £" TARGET-AMOUNT(2)
    DISPLAY "    Fee: £" CONVERSION-FEE(2).
 
DEMONSTRATE-LOAN-CALCULATIONS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== LOAN AMORTIZATION WITH PACKED-DECIMAL ==="
    
    *> Calculate monthly payment using precise arithmetic
    COMPUTE WS-MONTHLY-RATE = ANNUAL-INTEREST-RATE / 12
    COMPUTE WS-RATE-FACTOR = 
        (1 + WS-MONTHLY-RATE) ** LOAN-TERM-MONTHS
    COMPUTE MONTHLY-PAYMENT = 
        PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT * 
        (WS-MONTHLY-RATE * WS-RATE-FACTOR) / 
        (WS-RATE-FACTOR - 1)
    
    *> Calculate total interest
    COMPUTE TOTAL-INTEREST = 
        (MONTHLY-PAYMENT * LOAN-TERM-MONTHS) - PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT
    
    DISPLAY "Loan Analysis Results:"
    DISPLAY "  🏠 Principal: $" PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT
    DISPLAY "  📊 Interest Rate: " ANNUAL-INTEREST-RATE
    DISPLAY "  📅 Term: " LOAN-TERM-MONTHS " months"
    DISPLAY "  💳 Monthly Payment: $" MONTHLY-PAYMENT
    DISPLAY "  💰 Total Interest: $" TOTAL-INTEREST
    
    *> Generate first few payment details
    MOVE PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT TO REMAINING-BALANCE
    PERFORM VARYING PAYMENT-NUM FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL PAYMENT-NUM > 5
        COMPUTE INTEREST-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM) = 
            REMAINING-BALANCE * WS-MONTHLY-RATE
        COMPUTE PRINCIPAL-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM) = 
            MONTHLY-PAYMENT - INTEREST-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM)
        SUBTRACT PRINCIPAL-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM) FROM REMAINING-BALANCE
        MOVE REMAINING-BALANCE TO BALANCE-REMAINING(PAYMENT-NUM)
        
        DISPLAY "  Payment " PAYMENT-NUM ":"
        DISPLAY "    Principal: $" PRINCIPAL-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM)
        DISPLAY "    Interest: $" INTEREST-PAYMENT(PAYMENT-NUM)
        DISPLAY "    Balance: $" BALANCE-REMAINING(PAYMENT-NUM)
    END-PERFORM.
 
DEMONSTRATE-PERFORMANCE-ANALYSIS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ==="
    
    *> Measure calculation performance
    MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(9:8) TO WS-START-TIME
    MOVE 0 TO CALCULATION-COUNT
    
    *> Perform intensive calculations
    PERFORM 1000 TIMES
        ADD 1 TO CALCULATION-COUNT
        COMPUTE WS-RESULT = 
            (CURRENT-VALUE * PERCENTAGE-RETURN / 100) +
            (DIVIDEND-INCOME * 1.05) -
            (ANNUAL-FEE / 12)
    END-PERFORM
    
    MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(9:8) TO WS-END-TIME
    COMPUTE TOTAL-PROCESSING-TIME = WS-END-TIME - WS-START-TIME
    COMPUTE AVERAGE-CALC-TIME = 
        TOTAL-PROCESSING-TIME / CALCULATION-COUNT
    
    DISPLAY "Performance Metrics:"
    DISPLAY "  ⚡ Calculations: " CALCULATION-COUNT
    DISPLAY "  🕐 Total Time: " TOTAL-PROCESSING-TIME " ms"
    DISPLAY "  📊 Avg Time: " AVERAGE-CALC-TIME " ms per calc"
    DISPLAY "  💾 Precision maintained throughout calculations".
 
DISPLAY-STORAGE-EFFICIENCY.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "📦 PACKED-DECIMAL STORAGE EFFICIENCY"
    DISPLAY "====================================="
    
    DISPLAY "Storage Comparison for Financial Data:"
    DISPLAY "  • Portfolio Value PIC 9(13)V99:"
    DISPLAY "    PACKED-DECIMAL: " 
            FUNCTION LENGTH(CURRENT-VALUE) " bytes"
    DISPLAY "    DISPLAY format would be: 15 bytes"
    DISPLAY "    Space savings: " 
            ((15 - FUNCTION LENGTH(CURRENT-VALUE)) / 15) * 100 "%"
    
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "🎯 Key PACKED-DECIMAL Benefits Demonstrated:"
    DISPLAY "   • 50% storage reduction vs DISPLAY"
    DISPLAY "   • Automatic decimal alignment"
    DISPLAY "   • High precision arithmetic"
    DISPLAY "   • Mainframe-optimized performance"
    DISPLAY "   • Exact decimal representation"
    DISPLAY "   • Efficient bulk calculations".

PACKED-DECIMAL Features and Benefits

Storage Efficiency

• 50% storage reduction vs DISPLAY
• Two digits per byte compression
• Efficient sign storage
• Minimal memory footprint

Arithmetic Performance

• Hardware-optimized operations
• Faster decimal arithmetic
• Automatic decimal alignment
• Reduced CPU overhead

Precision Control

• Exact decimal representation
• No floating-point errors
• Configurable decimal places
• Financial calculation accuracy

Business Applications

• Financial transaction processing
• Currency calculations
• Statistical analysis
• Inventory management

COBOL Tutorial

COBOL PACKED-DECIMAL

PACKED-DECIMAL Definition and Usage

Storage Layout and Internal Representation

Advanced PACKED-DECIMAL Applications

Comprehensive PACKED-DECIMAL Implementation

PACKED-DECIMAL Features and Benefits

Best Practices

Related Concepts

Data Types

Usage Clause

Arithmetic Operations

Related Pages

COBOL Tutorial

COBOL PACKED-DECIMAL

PACKED-DECIMAL Definition and Usage

Storage Layout and Internal Representation

Advanced PACKED-DECIMAL Applications

Comprehensive PACKED-DECIMAL Implementation

PACKED-DECIMAL Features and Benefits

Best Practices

When to Use PACKED-DECIMAL

Precision Planning

Performance Optimization

Related Concepts

Data Types

Usage Clause

Arithmetic Operations

Related Pages