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COBOL Tutorial

COBOL OVERFLOW

The OVERFLOW condition in COBOL represents comprehensive arithmetic exception detection capabilities and sophisticated numeric overflow management functionality within mainframe programming environments, providing advanced error handling mechanisms for arithmetic operations, enhanced precision control features, and intelligent overflow detection patterns that enable precise calculation error management, robust numeric operation validation, and systematic overflow handling requirements while maintaining data accuracy, ensuring calculation reliability, and enabling defensive programming architectures across enterprise applications requiring exact arithmetic precision, overflow detection capabilities, and reliable numeric processing throughout sophisticated financial calculation scenarios and high-precision mathematical workflows.

OVERFLOW Detection and Handling

Basic OVERFLOW Usage
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*> Basic ADD with OVERFLOW handling
ADD SALES-AMOUNT TO TOTAL-SALES
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Sales total overflow detected"
        PERFORM OVERFLOW-ERROR-HANDLING
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Sales added successfully: " TOTAL-SALES
END-ADD
 
*> SUBTRACT with OVERFLOW detection
SUBTRACT DISCOUNT-AMOUNT FROM CUSTOMER-BALANCE
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Balance calculation overflow"
        MOVE "OVERFLOW" TO TRANSACTION-STATUS
        PERFORM LOG-OVERFLOW-ERROR
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "New balance: " CUSTOMER-BALANCE
        MOVE "SUCCESS" TO TRANSACTION-STATUS
END-SUBTRACT
 
*> MULTIPLY with OVERFLOW handling
MULTIPLY UNIT-PRICE BY QUANTITY GIVING LINE-TOTAL
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Line total calculation overflow"
        DISPLAY "Unit Price: " UNIT-PRICE
        DISPLAY "Quantity: " QUANTITY
        PERFORM CALCULATE-ALTERNATIVE-TOTAL
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Line total calculated: " LINE-TOTAL
END-MULTIPLY
 
*> DIVIDE with OVERFLOW protection
DIVIDE TOTAL-AMOUNT BY PAYMENT-PERIODS GIVING MONTHLY-PAYMENT
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Monthly payment calculation overflow"
        PERFORM USE-EXTENDED-PRECISION-CALCULATION
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Monthly payment: " MONTHLY-PAYMENT
        PERFORM VALIDATE-PAYMENT-AMOUNT
END-DIVIDE
 
*> Complex calculation with multiple OVERFLOW checks
01 FINANCIAL-CALCULATIONS.
   05 PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT      PIC 9(9)V99.
   05 INTEREST-RATE         PIC 9V9999.
   05 TIME-PERIODS          PIC 9(3).
   05 COMPOUND-AMOUNT       PIC 9(11)V99.
   05 INTEREST-EARNED       PIC 9(9)V99.
 
*> Compound interest calculation with overflow protection
MULTIPLY PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT BY INTEREST-RATE GIVING WS-TEMP-CALC
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Interest calculation overflow - using alternative method"
        PERFORM ALTERNATIVE-INTEREST-CALCULATION
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        ADD WS-TEMP-CALC TO PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "Principal addition overflow"
            PERFORM OVERFLOW-RECOVERY-PROCEDURE
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            MOVE PRINCIPAL-AMOUNT TO COMPOUND-AMOUNT
        END-ADD
END-MULTIPLY
 
*> Payroll calculation with comprehensive overflow handling
01 PAYROLL-CALCULATION.
   05 HOURS-WORKED          PIC 9(3)V9.
   05 HOURLY-RATE           PIC 9(3)V99.
   05 REGULAR-PAY           PIC 9(7)V99.
   05 OVERTIME-PAY          PIC 9(7)V99.
   05 TOTAL-GROSS-PAY       PIC 9(8)V99.
   05 TAX-DEDUCTION         PIC 9(7)V99.
   05 NET-PAY               PIC 9(8)V99.
 
*> Calculate regular pay
IF HOURS-WORKED <= 40
    MULTIPLY HOURS-WORKED BY HOURLY-RATE GIVING REGULAR-PAY
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "Regular pay overflow for employee: " EMPLOYEE-ID
            PERFORM PAYROLL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            MOVE 0 TO OVERTIME-PAY
        END-MULTIPLY
ELSE
    MULTIPLY 40 BY HOURLY-RATE GIVING REGULAR-PAY
        ON OVERFLOW
            PERFORM PAYROLL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            COMPUTE WS-OVERTIME-HOURS = HOURS-WORKED - 40
            MULTIPLY WS-OVERTIME-HOURS BY HOURLY-RATE BY 1.5 
                GIVING OVERTIME-PAY
                ON OVERFLOW
                    DISPLAY "Overtime pay overflow"
                    PERFORM PAYROLL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
                NOT ON OVERFLOW
                    CONTINUE
                END-MULTIPLY
        END-MULTIPLY
END-IF
 
*> Calculate total gross pay
ADD REGULAR-PAY TO OVERTIME-PAY GIVING TOTAL-GROSS-PAY
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Total pay calculation overflow"
        PERFORM PAYROLL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        PERFORM CALCULATE-TAX-DEDUCTION
        SUBTRACT TAX-DEDUCTION FROM TOTAL-GROSS-PAY GIVING NET-PAY
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "Net pay calculation overflow"
                PERFORM PAYROLL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "Payroll calculated successfully"
                DISPLAY "Net Pay: " NET-PAY
            END-SUBTRACT
END-ADD
Overflow Detection
Error Handling
Arithmetic Safety

Advanced OVERFLOW Management

Financial Calculations
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*> Investment growth calculation
01 INVESTMENT-DATA.
   05 INITIAL-INVESTMENT    PIC 9(9)V99.
   05 ANNUAL-RETURN-RATE    PIC 9V999.
   05 YEARS-INVESTED        PIC 9(2).
   05 PROJECTED-VALUE       PIC 9(11)V99.
 
*> Safe compound growth calculation
MOVE INITIAL-INVESTMENT TO PROJECTED-VALUE
PERFORM VARYING YEAR-COUNTER FROM 1 BY 1
    UNTIL YEAR-COUNTER > YEARS-INVESTED
    
    MULTIPLY PROJECTED-VALUE BY ANNUAL-RETURN-RATE 
        GIVING WS-GROWTH-AMOUNT
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "Growth calculation overflow at year " 
                    YEAR-COUNTER
            PERFORM USE-EXTENDED-PRECISION
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            ADD WS-GROWTH-AMOUNT TO PROJECTED-VALUE
                ON OVERFLOW
                    DISPLAY "Value accumulation overflow"
                    PERFORM INVESTMENT-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
                NOT ON OVERFLOW
                    CONTINUE
                END-ADD
        END-MULTIPLY
END-PERFORM
Inventory Calculations
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*> Inventory value calculation
01 INVENTORY-TOTALS.
   05 UNIT-COUNT            PIC 9(7).
   05 UNIT-COST             PIC 9(5)V99.
   05 TOTAL-VALUE           PIC 9(11)V99.
   05 WEIGHTED-AVERAGE      PIC 9(7)V99.
 
*> Calculate total inventory value
MULTIPLY UNIT-COUNT BY UNIT-COST GIVING TOTAL-VALUE
    ON OVERFLOW
        DISPLAY "Inventory value overflow"
        DISPLAY "Units: " UNIT-COUNT
        DISPLAY "Cost: " UNIT-COST
        PERFORM INVENTORY-OVERFLOW-RECOVERY
    NOT ON OVERFLOW
        ADD TOTAL-VALUE TO GRAND-TOTAL-INVENTORY
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "Grand total overflow"
                PERFORM GRAND-TOTAL-OVERFLOW-HANDLING
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                ADD 1 TO PROCESSED-ITEMS
            END-ADD
    END-MULTIPLY

Comprehensive OVERFLOW Implementation

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. OVERFLOW-DEMO.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 OVERFLOW-DEMONSTRATION-DATA.
   05 OVERFLOW-COUNT        PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
   05 SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
   05 TOTAL-OPERATIONS      PIC 9(4) VALUE 0.
   05 DEMO-COUNTER          PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
 
01 ARITHMETIC-TEST-DATA.
   05 LARGE-NUMBER-1        PIC 9(9) VALUE 999999999.
   05 LARGE-NUMBER-2        PIC 9(9) VALUE 999999999.
   05 RESULT-FIELD          PIC 9(9).
   05 EXTENDED-RESULT       PIC 9(15).
   05 SAFE-RESULT           PIC 9(12)V99.
 
01 FINANCIAL-TEST-DATA.
   05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE       PIC 9(9)V99 VALUE 9999999.99.
   05 TRANSACTION-AMOUNT    PIC 9(9)V99 VALUE 8888888.88.
   05 NEW-BALANCE           PIC 9(9)V99.
   05 INTEREST-AMOUNT       PIC 9(7)V99.
   05 COMPOUNDED-BALANCE    PIC 9(11)V99.
 
01 STATISTICAL-DATA.
   05 DATA-POINTS OCCURS 10 TIMES.
      10 DATA-VALUE         PIC 9(6).
      10 SQUARED-VALUE      PIC 9(12).
      10 CUBED-VALUE        PIC 9(18).
   05 SUM-OF-SQUARES        PIC 9(15).
   05 SUM-OF-CUBES          PIC 9(20).
 
01 ERROR-LOGGING.
   05 ERROR-MESSAGES OCCURS 50 TIMES.
      10 ERROR-TIMESTAMP    PIC X(20).
      10 ERROR-OPERATION    PIC X(20).
      10 ERROR-VALUES       PIC X(50).
   05 ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT   PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-OVERFLOW-DEMO.
    DISPLAY "=== COBOL OVERFLOW DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    PERFORM INITIALIZE-OVERFLOW-DEMO
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-BASIC-OVERFLOW
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-FINANCIAL-OVERFLOW
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-STATISTICAL-OVERFLOW
    PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-RECOVERY-STRATEGIES
    PERFORM DISPLAY-OVERFLOW-STATISTICS
    
    DISPLAY "=== OVERFLOW DEMO COMPLETE ==="
    STOP RUN.
 
INITIALIZE-OVERFLOW-DEMO.
    DISPLAY "Initializing overflow demonstration..."
    MOVE 0 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
    MOVE 0 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
    MOVE 0 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    MOVE 0 TO ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT
    
    *> Initialize test data
    PERFORM VARYING DEMO-COUNTER FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL DEMO-COUNTER > 10
        COMPUTE DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER) = DEMO-COUNTER * 1000
    END-PERFORM
    
    DISPLAY "✅ Demonstration initialized".
 
DEMONSTRATE-BASIC-OVERFLOW.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== BASIC OVERFLOW DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    *> Test addition overflow
    DISPLAY "Testing addition overflow..."
    ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    ADD LARGE-NUMBER-1 TO LARGE-NUMBER-2 GIVING RESULT-FIELD
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Addition overflow detected"
            DISPLAY "    " LARGE-NUMBER-1 " + " LARGE-NUMBER-2 
                    " > " "999999999"
            ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            PERFORM LOG-OVERFLOW-ERROR 
                WITH "ADDITION" LARGE-NUMBER-1 LARGE-NUMBER-2
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ✅ Addition successful: " RESULT-FIELD
            ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
        END-ADD
    
    *> Test multiplication overflow
    DISPLAY "Testing multiplication overflow..."
    ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    MULTIPLY 99999 BY 99999 GIVING RESULT-FIELD
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Multiplication overflow detected"
            DISPLAY "    99999 × 99999 exceeds field capacity"
            ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            PERFORM LOG-OVERFLOW-ERROR 
                WITH "MULTIPLY" 99999 99999
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ✅ Multiplication successful: " RESULT-FIELD
            ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
        END-MULTIPLY
    
    *> Test safe calculation with larger field
    DISPLAY "Testing safe calculation with extended field..."
    ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    MULTIPLY 99999 BY 99999 GIVING EXTENDED-RESULT
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Even extended field overflowed"
            ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ✅ Extended field calculation: " EXTENDED-RESULT
            ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
        END-MULTIPLY.
 
DEMONSTRATE-FINANCIAL-OVERFLOW.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== FINANCIAL OVERFLOW DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    *> Test account balance overflow
    DISPLAY "Testing account balance calculations..."
    ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    ADD TRANSACTION-AMOUNT TO ACCOUNT-BALANCE GIVING NEW-BALANCE
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Account balance overflow"
            DISPLAY "    Current: $" ACCOUNT-BALANCE
            DISPLAY "    Transaction: $" TRANSACTION-AMOUNT
            DISPLAY "    Exceeds maximum account limit"
            ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            PERFORM HANDLE-ACCOUNT-OVERFLOW
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  ✅ New account balance: $" NEW-BALANCE
            ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
        END-ADD
    
    *> Test interest calculation
    DISPLAY "Testing interest calculation..."
    ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    COMPUTE INTEREST-AMOUNT = ACCOUNT-BALANCE * 0.15
        ON SIZE ERROR
            DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Interest calculation size error"
            ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            PERFORM LOG-OVERFLOW-ERROR 
                WITH "INTEREST" ACCOUNT-BALANCE 15
        NOT ON SIZE ERROR
            ADD INTEREST-AMOUNT TO ACCOUNT-BALANCE GIVING COMPOUNDED-BALANCE
                ON OVERFLOW
                    DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Compound balance overflow"
                    ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
                NOT ON OVERFLOW
                    DISPLAY "  ✅ Interest calculated: $" INTEREST-AMOUNT
                    DISPLAY "  ✅ Compounded balance: $" COMPOUNDED-BALANCE
                    ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
                END-ADD
        END-COMPUTE.
 
DEMONSTRATE-STATISTICAL-OVERFLOW.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== STATISTICAL OVERFLOW DEMONSTRATION ==="
    
    *> Calculate squares and cubes with overflow detection
    PERFORM VARYING DEMO-COUNTER FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL DEMO-COUNTER > 10
        ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
        
        *> Calculate square
        MULTIPLY DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER) BY DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            GIVING SQUARED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Square calculation overflow for value " 
                        DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
                ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
                MOVE 999999999999 TO SQUARED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
            END-MULTIPLY
        
        *> Calculate cube
        ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
        MULTIPLY SQUARED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER) BY DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            GIVING CUBED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Cube calculation overflow for value " 
                        DATA-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
                ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
                MOVE 999999999999999999 TO CUBED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER)
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
            END-MULTIPLY
    END-PERFORM
    
    *> Sum calculations with overflow protection
    DISPLAY "Calculating statistical sums..."
    MOVE 0 TO SUM-OF-SQUARES
    MOVE 0 TO SUM-OF-CUBES
    
    PERFORM VARYING DEMO-COUNTER FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL DEMO-COUNTER > 10
        ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
        ADD SQUARED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER) TO SUM-OF-SQUARES
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Sum of squares overflow"
                ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
            END-ADD
        
        ADD 1 TO TOTAL-OPERATIONS
        ADD CUBED-VALUE(DEMO-COUNTER) TO SUM-OF-CUBES
            ON OVERFLOW
                DISPLAY "  ⚠️  Sum of cubes overflow"
                ADD 1 TO OVERFLOW-COUNT
            NOT ON OVERFLOW
                ADD 1 TO SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
            END-ADD
    END-PERFORM
    
    IF OVERFLOW-COUNT = 0
        DISPLAY "  ✅ All statistical calculations completed successfully"
        DISPLAY "    Sum of squares: " SUM-OF-SQUARES
        DISPLAY "    Sum of cubes: " SUM-OF-CUBES
    END-IF.
 
DEMONSTRATE-RECOVERY-STRATEGIES.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "=== OVERFLOW RECOVERY STRATEGIES ==="
    
    *> Strategy 1: Use larger intermediate fields
    DISPLAY "Strategy 1: Using larger intermediate fields"
    COMPUTE WS-LARGE-INTERMEDIATE = LARGE-NUMBER-1 * LARGE-NUMBER-2
    DISPLAY "  Result in large field: " WS-LARGE-INTERMEDIATE
    
    *> Strategy 2: Break down complex calculations
    DISPLAY "Strategy 2: Breaking down calculations"
    DIVIDE LARGE-NUMBER-1 BY 2 GIVING WS-HALF-VALUE
    MULTIPLY WS-HALF-VALUE BY LARGE-NUMBER-2 GIVING WS-TEMP-RESULT
    MULTIPLY WS-TEMP-RESULT BY 2 GIVING WS-FINAL-RESULT
        ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  Even breakdown strategy overflowed"
        NOT ON OVERFLOW
            DISPLAY "  Breakdown result: " WS-FINAL-RESULT
        END-MULTIPLY
    
    *> Strategy 3: Use floating point for very large numbers
    DISPLAY "Strategy 3: Alternative precision handling"
    DISPLAY "  Consider using COMP-1 or COMP-2 for very large numbers"
    DISPLAY "  Or implement custom scaling algorithms".
 
HANDLE-ACCOUNT-OVERFLOW.
    DISPLAY "    🏦 Account overflow handling activated"
    DISPLAY "    📋 Options:"
    DISPLAY "      • Split transaction into multiple parts"
    DISPLAY "      • Use high-value account type"
    DISPLAY "      • Flag for manual review"
    DISPLAY "    ✅ Account flagged for special handling".
 
LOG-OVERFLOW-ERROR.
    USING OPERATION VALUE1 VALUE2.
    
    ADD 1 TO ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT
    IF ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT <= 50
        MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE TO ERROR-TIMESTAMP(ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT)
        MOVE OPERATION TO ERROR-OPERATION(ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT)
        STRING VALUE1 " and " VALUE2 DELIMITED BY SIZE
            INTO ERROR-VALUES(ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT)
        
        DISPLAY "    📝 Error logged: " OPERATION " overflow at " 
                FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(9:6)
    ELSE
        DISPLAY "    ⚠️  Error log full - overflow not logged"
    END-IF.
 
DISPLAY-OVERFLOW-STATISTICS.
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "📊 OVERFLOW DEMONSTRATION STATISTICS"
    DISPLAY "====================================="
    DISPLAY "Total operations attempted: " TOTAL-OPERATIONS
    DISPLAY "Successful operations: " SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS
    DISPLAY "Overflow conditions detected: " OVERFLOW-COUNT
    DISPLAY "Error messages logged: " ERROR-MESSAGE-COUNT
    
    IF TOTAL-OPERATIONS > 0
        COMPUTE WS-SUCCESS-RATE = 
            (SUCCESSFUL-OPERATIONS / TOTAL-OPERATIONS) * 100
        DISPLAY "Success rate: " WS-SUCCESS-RATE "%"
    END-IF
    
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "🎯 Key OVERFLOW Features Demonstrated:"
    DISPLAY "   • ON OVERFLOW clause usage"
    DISPLAY "   • NOT ON OVERFLOW processing"
    DISPLAY "   • Error detection and logging"
    DISPLAY "   • Recovery strategy implementation"
    DISPLAY "   • Large number handling"
    DISPLAY "   • Financial calculation protection"
    DISPLAY " "
    DISPLAY "💡 Best Practices Applied:"
    DISPLAY "   • Always check for overflow in critical calculations"
    DISPLAY "   • Use appropriately sized fields"
    DISPLAY "   • Implement recovery strategies"
    DISPLAY "   • Log overflow conditions for analysis"
    DISPLAY "   • Test with boundary values".

OVERFLOW Features and Capabilities

Overflow Detection
  • • Automatic overflow condition detection
  • • ON OVERFLOW clause execution
  • • NOT ON OVERFLOW success handling
  • • Real-time arithmetic validation
Error Handling
  • • Graceful error recovery
  • • Alternative calculation paths
  • • Error logging and reporting
  • • Program continuation control
Arithmetic Safety
  • • Precision preservation
  • • Data integrity protection
  • • Calculation validation
  • • Defensive programming support
Business Applications
  • • Financial calculation protection
  • • Payroll system safety
  • • Inventory value calculations
  • • Statistical analysis validation

Related Concepts

Arithmetic Operations

Basic arithmetic and calculations

Exception Handling

Error detection and recovery

Data Types

Numeric data types and precision

Related Pages