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COBOL Tutorial

COBOL END-OF-PAGE (EOP)

The END-OF-PAGE condition, also known as EOP, represents a fundamental component of report generation and formatted output processing in COBOL. This condition is automatically triggered when the LINAGE mechanism detects that the current page has reached its defined capacity, enabling sophisticated page break handling, report formatting, and structured document generation. END-OF-PAGE embodies modern report processing principles by providing automatic pagination control, enabling complex report layouts, and supporting the development of professional-quality business reports and documents.

In contemporary enterprise COBOL development, END-OF-PAGE plays a vital role in creating sophisticated reporting systems that must handle complex formatting requirements, multi-section reports, and professional document layouts. The automatic detection of page boundaries enables developers to implement comprehensive report generation logic while maintaining consistent formatting and ensuring that reports meet business presentation standards and regulatory requirements.

Understanding END-OF-PAGE Architecture

The END-OF-PAGE condition implements sophisticated page management for report generation operations. This architecture works in conjunction with the LINAGE clause to automatically detect when a page has reached its capacity, triggering page break processing, header and footer generation, and continuation of report content on new pages. The automatic nature of END-OF-PAGE detection ensures consistent report formatting without manual page counting.

The architectural design of END-OF-PAGE reflects the evolution of COBOL toward sophisticated report generation capabilities that emphasize professional formatting, consistent layouts, and automated pagination. When combined with LINAGE specifications, END-OF-PAGE creates a comprehensive framework for handling complex report structures including headers, footers, body sections, and page transitions.

END-OF-PAGE also plays a crucial role in memory management and output buffering. Modern COBOL implementations can optimize report generation when page boundaries are automatically managed, leading to more efficient output processing and better resource utilization in high-volume report generation scenarios.

Report Generation Patterns

END-OF-PAGE enables the implementation of sophisticated report generation patterns that are essential for enterprise business applications. These patterns include multi-section reports with automatic pagination, financial statements with complex formatting requirements, and regulatory reports that must meet specific layout and presentation standards.

The automatic triggering of END-OF-PAGE conditions creates powerful report processing frameworks that can handle various formatting scenarios, page break requirements, and content continuation while maintaining professional presentation standards and ensuring consistent document layout across different report types and business requirements.

Basic END-OF-PAGE Usage

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. END-OF-PAGE-DEMO.
 
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
    SELECT EMPLOYEE-FILE ASSIGN TO 'EMPLOYEES.DAT'
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL
        ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL.
    
    SELECT REPORT-FILE ASSIGN TO 'EMPLOYEE-REPORT.TXT'
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL
        ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL.
 
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD  EMPLOYEE-FILE.
01  EMPLOYEE-RECORD.
    05  EMPLOYEE-ID             PIC X(10).
    05  EMPLOYEE-NAME           PIC X(30).
    05  EMPLOYEE-DEPARTMENT     PIC X(15).
    05  EMPLOYEE-SALARY         PIC 9(7)V99.
 
FD  REPORT-FILE
    LINAGE IS 50 LINES
    WITH FOOTING AT 45
    LINES AT TOP 5
    LINES AT BOTTOM 3.
01  REPORT-LINE                 PIC X(132).
 
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  REPORT-CONTROLS.
    05  PAGE-NUMBER             PIC 9(3) VALUE 1.
    05  LINE-COUNT              PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
    05  EMPLOYEE-COUNT          PIC 9(5) VALUE 0.
    05  TOTAL-SALARY            PIC 9(11)V99 VALUE 0.
 
01  REPORT-HEADERS.
    05  MAIN-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(50) VALUE SPACES.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(32) VALUE 'EMPLOYEE SALARY REPORT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(50) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  PAGE-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(10) VALUE 'PAGE: '.
        10  PAGE-NUM-OUT        PIC ZZ9.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(119) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  COLUMN-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(12) VALUE 'EMPLOYEE ID'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(32) VALUE 'EMPLOYEE NAME'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(17) VALUE 'DEPARTMENT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(15) VALUE 'SALARY'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(56) VALUE SPACES.
 
01  DETAIL-LINE.
    05  DETAIL-EMP-ID           PIC X(12).
    05  DETAIL-EMP-NAME         PIC X(32).
    05  DETAIL-DEPARTMENT       PIC X(17).
    05  DETAIL-SALARY           PIC $$$,$$$,$$9.99.
    05  FILLER                  PIC X(56) VALUE SPACES.
 
01  FOOTER-LINE.
    05  FILLER                  PIC X(20) VALUE 'TOTAL EMPLOYEES: '.
    05  FOOTER-COUNT            PIC ZZ,ZZ9.
    05  FILLER                  PIC X(10) VALUE SPACES.
    05  FILLER                  PIC X(15) VALUE 'TOTAL SALARY: '.
    05  FOOTER-TOTAL            PIC $$$,$$$,$$$,$$9.99.
    05  FILLER                  PIC X(60) VALUE SPACES.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-PROCESSING.
    OPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE-FILE
    OPEN OUTPUT REPORT-FILE
    
    PERFORM WRITE-REPORT-HEADERS
    PERFORM PROCESS-EMPLOYEE-RECORDS
    PERFORM WRITE-REPORT-TOTALS
    
    CLOSE EMPLOYEE-FILE
    CLOSE REPORT-FILE
    
    DISPLAY 'Report generation completed'
    DISPLAY 'Total pages: ' PAGE-NUMBER
    DISPLAY 'Total employees: ' EMPLOYEE-COUNT
    
    STOP RUN.
 
WRITE-REPORT-HEADERS.
    MOVE MAIN-HEADER TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE PAGE-NUMBER TO PAGE-NUM-OUT
    MOVE PAGE-HEADER TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE SPACES TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE COLUMN-HEADER TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE ALL '-' TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE.
 
PROCESS-EMPLOYEE-RECORDS.
    READ EMPLOYEE-FILE
        AT END
            DISPLAY 'All employee records processed'
        NOT AT END
            PERFORM UNTIL EMPLOYEE-FILE AT END
                PERFORM WRITE-EMPLOYEE-DETAIL
                READ EMPLOYEE-FILE
                    AT END
                        CONTINUE
                END-READ
            END-PERFORM
    END-READ.
 
WRITE-EMPLOYEE-DETAIL.
    ADD 1 TO EMPLOYEE-COUNT
    ADD EMPLOYEE-SALARY TO TOTAL-SALARY
    
    MOVE EMPLOYEE-ID TO DETAIL-EMP-ID
    MOVE EMPLOYEE-NAME TO DETAIL-EMP-NAME
    MOVE EMPLOYEE-DEPARTMENT TO DETAIL-DEPARTMENT
    MOVE EMPLOYEE-SALARY TO DETAIL-SALARY
    
    MOVE DETAIL-LINE TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
            PERFORM WRITE-REPORT-HEADERS
    END-WRITE.
 
PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING.
    *> This paragraph is executed when END-OF-PAGE condition occurs
    DISPLAY 'Page ' PAGE-NUMBER ' completed'
    ADD 1 TO PAGE-NUMBER
    
    *> Write page footer if needed
    MOVE SPACES TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE AFTER ADVANCING PAGE
    
    DISPLAY 'Starting page ' PAGE-NUMBER.
 
WRITE-REPORT-TOTALS.
    *> Write summary totals at end of report
    MOVE SPACES TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE ALL '=' TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE EMPLOYEE-COUNT TO FOOTER-COUNT
    MOVE TOTAL-SALARY TO FOOTER-TOTAL
    MOVE FOOTER-LINE TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM PAGE-BREAK-PROCESSING
    END-WRITE.

Advanced END-OF-PAGE Patterns

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ADVANCED-END-OF-PAGE.
 
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
    SELECT SALES-FILE ASSIGN TO 'SALES.DAT'
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL.
    
    SELECT DETAILED-REPORT ASSIGN TO 'DETAILED-SALES.RPT'
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL.
    
    SELECT SUMMARY-REPORT ASSIGN TO 'SUMMARY-SALES.RPT'
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL.
 
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD  SALES-FILE.
01  SALES-RECORD.
    05  SALE-DATE               PIC X(10).
    05  SALESPERSON-ID          PIC X(10).
    05  SALESPERSON-NAME        PIC X(30).
    05  CUSTOMER-ID             PIC X(15).
    05  PRODUCT-CODE            PIC X(10).
    05  QUANTITY-SOLD           PIC 9(5).
    05  UNIT-PRICE              PIC 9(7)V99.
    05  SALE-AMOUNT             PIC 9(9)V99.
    05  COMMISSION-RATE         PIC V999.
 
FD  DETAILED-REPORT
    LINAGE IS 60 LINES
    WITH FOOTING AT 55
    LINES AT TOP 8
    LINES AT BOTTOM 5.
01  DETAIL-REPORT-LINE          PIC X(150).
 
FD  SUMMARY-REPORT
    LINAGE IS 45 LINES
    WITH FOOTING AT 40
    LINES AT TOP 6
    LINES AT BOTTOM 4.
01  SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE         PIC X(120).
 
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  REPORT-CONTROLS.
    05  DETAIL-PAGE-NUMBER      PIC 9(4) VALUE 1.
    05  SUMMARY-PAGE-NUMBER     PIC 9(4) VALUE 1.
    05  CURRENT-SALESPERSON     PIC X(10) VALUE SPACES.
    05  SALESPERSON-TOTAL       PIC 9(11)V99 VALUE 0.
    05  GRAND-TOTAL             PIC 9(13)V99 VALUE 0.
    05  RECORD-COUNT            PIC 9(7) VALUE 0.
 
01  CONTROL-BREAK-FLAGS.
    05  FIRST-RECORD-FLAG       PIC X VALUE 'Y'.
        88  FIRST-RECORD        VALUE 'Y'.
    05  SALESPERSON-BREAK-FLAG  PIC X VALUE 'N'.
        88  SALESPERSON-BREAK   VALUE 'Y'.
 
01  DETAILED-REPORT-FORMATS.
    05  DETAIL-MAIN-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(60) VALUE SPACES.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(30) VALUE 'DETAILED SALES REPORT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(60) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  DETAIL-PAGE-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(10) VALUE 'PAGE: '.
        10  DETAIL-PAGE-NUM     PIC ZZZ9.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(50) VALUE SPACES.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(15) VALUE 'REPORT DATE: '.
        10  DETAIL-REPORT-DATE  PIC X(10).
        10  FILLER              PIC X(61) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  DETAIL-COLUMN-HEADER1.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(12) VALUE 'SALE DATE'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(12) VALUE 'SALES ID'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(32) VALUE 'SALESPERSON NAME'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(17) VALUE 'CUSTOMER ID'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(12) VALUE 'PRODUCT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(10) VALUE 'QUANTITY'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(15) VALUE 'UNIT PRICE'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(15) VALUE 'SALE AMOUNT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(25) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  DETAIL-SALES-LINE.
        10  DETAIL-SALE-DATE    PIC X(12).
        10  DETAIL-SALES-ID     PIC X(12).
        10  DETAIL-SALES-NAME   PIC X(32).
        10  DETAIL-CUSTOMER     PIC X(17).
        10  DETAIL-PRODUCT      PIC X(12).
        10  DETAIL-QUANTITY     PIC ZZ,ZZ9.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(4) VALUE SPACES.
        10  DETAIL-UNIT-PRICE   PIC $$$,$$9.99.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(1) VALUE SPACES.
        10  DETAIL-SALE-AMT     PIC $$$,$$$,$$9.99.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(10) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  DETAIL-SUBTOTAL-LINE.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(70) VALUE SPACES.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(20) VALUE 'SUBTOTAL FOR: '.
        10  SUBTOTAL-SALESPERSON PIC X(30).
        10  SUBTOTAL-AMOUNT     PIC $$$,$$$,$$$,$$9.99.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(15) VALUE SPACES.
 
01  SUMMARY-REPORT-FORMATS.
    05  SUMMARY-MAIN-HEADER.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(45) VALUE SPACES.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(30) VALUE 'SALES SUMMARY REPORT'.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(45) VALUE SPACES.
    
    05  SUMMARY-SALESPERSON-LINE.
        10  SUMMARY-SALES-NAME  PIC X(35).
        10  SUMMARY-RECORD-COUNT PIC ZZ,ZZ9.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(10) VALUE SPACES.
        10  SUMMARY-SALES-TOTAL PIC $$$,$$$,$$$,$$9.99.
        10  FILLER              PIC X(50) VALUE SPACES.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-PROCESSING.
    OPEN INPUT SALES-FILE
    OPEN OUTPUT DETAILED-REPORT
    OPEN OUTPUT SUMMARY-REPORT
    
    MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(1:8) TO DETAIL-REPORT-DATE
    
    PERFORM WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS
    PERFORM WRITE-SUMMARY-HEADERS
    PERFORM PROCESS-SALES-RECORDS
    PERFORM WRITE-FINAL-TOTALS
    
    CLOSE SALES-FILE
    CLOSE DETAILED-REPORT
    CLOSE SUMMARY-REPORT
    
    DISPLAY 'Multi-report generation completed'
    DISPLAY 'Detail report pages: ' DETAIL-PAGE-NUMBER
    DISPLAY 'Summary report pages: ' SUMMARY-PAGE-NUMBER
    
    STOP RUN.
 
WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS.
    MOVE DETAIL-MAIN-HEADER TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE DETAIL-PAGE-NUMBER TO DETAIL-PAGE-NUM
    MOVE DETAIL-PAGE-HEADER TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE SPACES TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE DETAIL-COLUMN-HEADER1 TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE ALL '=' TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE.
 
WRITE-SUMMARY-HEADERS.
    MOVE SUMMARY-MAIN-HEADER TO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE SPACES TO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE.
 
PROCESS-SALES-RECORDS.
    READ SALES-FILE
        AT END
            IF NOT FIRST-RECORD
                PERFORM WRITE-SALESPERSON-SUBTOTAL
            END-IF
        NOT AT END
            PERFORM UNTIL SALES-FILE AT END
                PERFORM CHECK-CONTROL-BREAK
                PERFORM WRITE-SALES-DETAIL
                PERFORM ACCUMULATE-TOTALS
                READ SALES-FILE
                    AT END
                        PERFORM WRITE-SALESPERSON-SUBTOTAL
                END-READ
            END-PERFORM
    END-READ.
 
CHECK-CONTROL-BREAK.
    IF FIRST-RECORD
        MOVE SALESPERSON-ID TO CURRENT-SALESPERSON
        SET FIRST-RECORD TO FALSE
    ELSE
        IF SALESPERSON-ID NOT = CURRENT-SALESPERSON
            PERFORM WRITE-SALESPERSON-SUBTOTAL
            PERFORM WRITE-SUMMARY-LINE
            MOVE SALESPERSON-ID TO CURRENT-SALESPERSON
            MOVE 0 TO SALESPERSON-TOTAL
        END-IF
    END-IF.
 
WRITE-SALES-DETAIL.
    MOVE SALE-DATE TO DETAIL-SALE-DATE
    MOVE SALESPERSON-ID TO DETAIL-SALES-ID
    MOVE SALESPERSON-NAME TO DETAIL-SALES-NAME
    MOVE CUSTOMER-ID TO DETAIL-CUSTOMER
    MOVE PRODUCT-CODE TO DETAIL-PRODUCT
    MOVE QUANTITY-SOLD TO DETAIL-QUANTITY
    MOVE UNIT-PRICE TO DETAIL-UNIT-PRICE
    MOVE SALE-AMOUNT TO DETAIL-SALE-AMT
    
    MOVE DETAIL-SALES-LINE TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
            PERFORM WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS
    END-WRITE.
 
WRITE-SALESPERSON-SUBTOTAL.
    MOVE SPACES TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
            PERFORM WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE CURRENT-SALESPERSON TO SUBTOTAL-SALESPERSON
    MOVE SALESPERSON-TOTAL TO SUBTOTAL-AMOUNT
    MOVE DETAIL-SUBTOTAL-LINE TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
            PERFORM WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE ALL '-' TO DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE DETAIL-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK
            PERFORM WRITE-DETAILED-HEADERS
    END-WRITE.
 
WRITE-SUMMARY-LINE.
    MOVE SALESPERSON-NAME TO SUMMARY-SALES-NAME
    MOVE RECORD-COUNT TO SUMMARY-RECORD-COUNT
    MOVE SALESPERSON-TOTAL TO SUMMARY-SALES-TOTAL
    
    MOVE SUMMARY-SALESPERSON-LINE TO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
            PERFORM WRITE-SUMMARY-HEADERS
    END-WRITE.
 
ACCUMULATE-TOTALS.
    ADD 1 TO RECORD-COUNT
    ADD SALE-AMOUNT TO SALESPERSON-TOTAL
    ADD SALE-AMOUNT TO GRAND-TOTAL.
 
DETAIL-PAGE-BREAK.
    DISPLAY 'Detail report page ' DETAIL-PAGE-NUMBER ' completed'
    ADD 1 TO DETAIL-PAGE-NUMBER.
 
SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK.
    DISPLAY 'Summary report page ' SUMMARY-PAGE-NUMBER ' completed'
    ADD 1 TO SUMMARY-PAGE-NUMBER.
 
WRITE-FINAL-TOTALS.
    *> Write grand total to summary report
    MOVE SPACES TO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    MOVE ALL '=' TO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE
    
    STRING 'GRAND TOTAL: ' DELIMITED BY SIZE
           GRAND-TOTAL DELIMITED BY SIZE
           INTO SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
    END-STRING
    WRITE SUMMARY-REPORT-LINE
        AT END-OF-PAGE
            PERFORM SUMMARY-PAGE-BREAK
    END-WRITE.

Best Practices and FAQ

Best Practices
  • • Define appropriate LINAGE specifications
  • • Handle page breaks consistently
  • • Implement proper header/footer logic
  • • Use meaningful page numbering
  • • Test with various data volumes
Common Mistakes
  • • Incorrect LINAGE calculations
  • • Missing page break handling
  • • Poor header/footer placement
  • • Inconsistent formatting
  • • Not testing edge cases