The ANY clause represents one of COBOL's most sophisticated and powerful universal quantification mechanisms, serving as the primary tool for implementing existential logic and conditional testing across collections of data elements that enable complex decision-making processes. Far more than a simple conditional operator, the ANY clause embodies COBOL's comprehensive approach to logical evaluation by providing universal quantifier functionality, collection-based testing capabilities, advanced array processing logic, and sophisticated conditional evaluation techniques that enable applications to implement complex business rules, multi-element validation processes, and comprehensive data verification systems while maintaining logical precision, performance efficiency, and robust error handling capabilities that are essential for enterprise applications requiring advanced conditional logic and sophisticated data collection processing capabilities.
In enterprise computing environments, the ANY clause serves as a critical foundation for advanced logical processing implementation, enabling developers to create sophisticated conditional evaluation applications that handle complex collection testing requirements, implement multi-element verification processes, provide comprehensive data integrity checks across arrays and tables, and maintain high-performance decision-making capabilities. Its capabilities extend far beyond simple boolean operations to encompass sophisticated quantification strategies, collection optimization techniques, complex logical evaluation patterns, and integration with modern programming paradigms that are essential for applications requiring comprehensive conditional logic and enterprise-grade data collection processing capabilities that support complex business rule implementation and advanced logical processing requirements across multiple data elements and sophisticated array structures.
The ANY clause is a powerful logical operator in COBOL that implements existential quantification - it tests whether at least one element in a collection (array, table, or group of data items) meets a specified condition. Think of it as asking the question: "Does any item in this collection satisfy my criteria?" The moment ANY finds the first element that meets the condition, it returns true and stops checking the remaining elements, making it highly efficient for large data sets.
This is fundamentally different from checking each element individually with separate IF statements. Instead of writing multiple conditional checks, ANY allows you to express complex logical requirements in a single, readable statement. It's particularly valuable when working with arrays of student grades, employee records, inventory items, or any collection where you need to determine if certain conditions exist anywhere within the dataset.
The basic syntax of ANY follows the pattern: IF ANY collection-name (condition). The condition can be a simple comparison, a complex expression, or even reference level 88 condition names. Let's examine how this works with practical examples:
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132*> Basic ANY clause usage in conditional expressions 01 STUDENT-GRADES OCCURS 10 TIMES PIC 9(3). 01 EMPLOYEE-SALARIES OCCURS 50 TIMES PIC 9(6)V99. 01 PRODUCT-CODES OCCURS 100 TIMES PIC X(10). *> Check if any grade is above 90 IF ANY STUDENT-GRADES > 90 DISPLAY "At least one student has an A grade" END-IF. *> Check if any salary exceeds threshold IF ANY EMPLOYEE-SALARIES > 100000 DISPLAY "At least one employee earns over $100,000" END-IF. *> Check if any product code matches criteria IF ANY PRODUCT-CODES = "PREMIUM" DISPLAY "Premium products are available" END-IF. *> ANY with complex conditions 01 INVENTORY-ITEMS OCCURS 200 TIMES. 05 ITEM-CODE PIC X(10). 05 ITEM-QUANTITY PIC 9(6). 05 ITEM-STATUS PIC X(10). 05 ITEM-PRICE PIC 9(6)V99. *> Check if any item meets multiple criteria IF ANY INVENTORY-ITEMS (ITEM-QUANTITY < 10 AND ITEM-STATUS = "ACTIVE") DISPLAY "Low stock alert for active items" END-IF.
These examples show how ANY simplifies collection testing compared to manual loops.
Notice how each ANY statement replaces what would otherwise require a PERFORM loop with individual IF statements for each array element. The first example checks if any student has an A grade (above 90), which would traditionally require iterating through all grades. The ANY clause handles this iteration internally and returns true as soon as it finds the first grade above 90.
The real power of ANY becomes apparent when working with complex, nested data structures. COBOL applications often deal with hierarchical data like customer records containing multiple accounts, or employee records with multiple skill sets. ANY can navigate these nested structures elegantly, testing conditions at any level of the hierarchy.
When working with nested OCCURS clauses (multi-dimensional arrays), ANY can be chained to test conditions across multiple levels. For example, you might want to check if any department has any employee with a specific qualification, or if any month had any day with sales above a threshold. This nested capability makes ANY invaluable for complex business logic.
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657*> Complex data structures with ANY clause 01 CUSTOMER-ACCOUNTS OCCURS 1000 TIMES. 05 ACCOUNT-NUMBER PIC X(12). 05 ACCOUNT-TYPE PIC X(10). 88 CHECKING VALUE "CHECKING". 88 SAVINGS VALUE "SAVINGS". 88 PREMIUM VALUE "PREMIUM". 05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE PIC S9(8)V99. 05 ACCOUNT-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 ACTIVE VALUE "ACTIVE". 88 SUSPENDED VALUE "SUSPENDED". 88 CLOSED VALUE "CLOSED". 05 LAST-ACTIVITY-DATE PIC X(8). 05 OVERDRAFT-LIMIT PIC 9(6)V99. *> Check if any premium account has high balance IF ANY CUSTOMER-ACCOUNTS (PREMIUM AND ACCOUNT-BALANCE > 50000) DISPLAY "High-value premium accounts exist" END-IF. *> Check for any overdrawn active accounts IF ANY CUSTOMER-ACCOUNTS (ACTIVE AND ACCOUNT-BALANCE < 0) DISPLAY "Overdrawn accounts require attention" END-IF. *> Multi-dimensional array with ANY 01 SALES-DATA OCCURS 12 TIMES. 05 MONTHLY-SALES OCCURS 31 TIMES. 10 DAILY-AMOUNT PIC 9(8)V99. 10 DAILY-UNITS PIC 9(6). 10 SALES-REP-ID PIC X(8). *> Check if any day in any month exceeded target IF ANY SALES-DATA (ANY MONTHLY-SALES (DAILY-AMOUNT > 10000)) DISPLAY "Daily sales target exceeded this year" END-IF. *> Complex nested structure 01 DEPARTMENT-DATA OCCURS 20 TIMES. 05 DEPT-CODE PIC X(5). 05 EMPLOYEES OCCURS 100 TIMES. 10 EMP-ID PIC X(8). 10 EMP-SALARY PIC 9(6)V99. 10 EMP-RATING PIC 9(2). 10 EMP-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 FULL-TIME VALUE "FULL-TIME". 88 PART-TIME VALUE "PART-TIME". 88 CONTRACT VALUE "CONTRACT". *> Check if any department has high-rated full-time employees IF ANY DEPARTMENT-DATA (ANY EMPLOYEES (FULL-TIME AND EMP-RATING >= 95)) DISPLAY "Excellent full-time employees found" END-IF.
Complex nested structures demonstrate ANY's ability to traverse hierarchical data efficiently.
The examples above illustrate several important concepts. First, notice how ANY works with level 88 condition names (like PREMIUM, ACTIVE, FULL-TIME) to make code more readable. Second, observe the nested ANY usage in the sales data example - this checks if any month contains any day with sales above $10,000, demonstrating how ANY can traverse multiple levels of nested arrays in a single expression.
The department-employee example shows a practical business scenario: finding if any department has any full-time employee with an excellent rating (95 or above). Without ANY, this would require nested loops through departments and employees, making the code much more complex and harder to maintain.
ANY isn't limited to simple IF statements - it integrates seamlessly with various COBOL constructs to provide flexible conditional processing. Understanding how ANY works within different statement types expands your ability to write efficient, readable code for complex business logic scenarios.
In EVALUATE statements, ANY enables sophisticated multi-way branching based on collection conditions. In PERFORM loops, ANY can control iteration based on collection states. With SEARCH statements, ANY provides powerful table lookup capabilities with complex criteria.
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566*> ANY in EVALUATE statements 01 TEST-SCORES OCCURS 50 TIMES PIC 9(3). 01 GRADE-CATEGORIES. 05 FAILING-GRADES PIC 9(2) VALUE 0. 05 PASSING-GRADES PIC 9(2) VALUE 0. 05 EXCELLENT-GRADES PIC 9(2) VALUE 0. EVALUATE TRUE WHEN ANY TEST-SCORES < 60 ADD 1 TO FAILING-GRADES DISPLAY "Some students are failing" WHEN ANY TEST-SCORES >= 90 ADD 1 TO EXCELLENT-GRADES DISPLAY "Some students are excelling" WHEN ANY TEST-SCORES >= 60 ADD 1 TO PASSING-GRADES DISPLAY "All students are passing" END-EVALUATE. *> ANY in PERFORM statements 01 PROCESSING-FLAGS OCCURS 10 TIMES PIC X(1). 88 PROCESS-COMPLETE VALUE "Y". 88 PROCESS-PENDING VALUE "N". PERFORM UNTIL ANY PROCESSING-FLAGS = "Y" PERFORM PROCESS-NEXT-ITEM PERFORM CHECK-COMPLETION-STATUS END-PERFORM. *> ANY with SEARCH statements 01 PRODUCT-TABLE OCCURS 500 TIMES INDEXED BY PROD-IDX. 05 PROD-ID PIC X(10). 05 PROD-CATEGORY PIC X(15). 05 PROD-PRICE PIC 9(6)V99. 05 PROD-AVAILABILITY PIC X(1). 88 AVAILABLE VALUE "Y". 88 OUT-OF-STOCK VALUE "N". SEARCH PRODUCT-TABLE AT END DISPLAY "No matching products found" WHEN ANY PRODUCT-TABLE (AVAILABLE AND PROD-PRICE < 100) DISPLAY "Affordable products are available" DISPLAY "Product ID: " PROD-ID(PROD-IDX) END-SEARCH. *> ANY in conditional COMPUTE statements 01 TEMPERATURE-READINGS OCCURS 24 TIMES PIC S9(3). 01 ALERT-THRESHOLD PIC 9(3) VALUE 100. 01 AVERAGE-TEMP PIC 9(3)V99. IF ANY TEMPERATURE-READINGS > ALERT-THRESHOLD COMPUTE AVERAGE-TEMP = FUNCTION SUM(TEMPERATURE-READINGS) / 24 DISPLAY "High temperature alert - Average: " AVERAGE-TEMP END-IF. *> ANY with STRING operations 01 ERROR-MESSAGES OCCURS 20 TIMES PIC X(50). 01 CRITICAL-KEYWORDS OCCURS 5 TIMES PIC X(10). 01 ALERT-FLAG PIC X(1) VALUE "N". IF ANY ERROR-MESSAGES CONTAINS ANY CRITICAL-KEYWORDS MOVE "Y" TO ALERT-FLAG DISPLAY "Critical error detected in messages" END-IF.
These examples show ANY's versatility across different COBOL statement types and contexts.
The EVALUATE example demonstrates how ANY can drive multi-way decision logic based on collection conditions. The PERFORM UNTIL example shows how ANY can control loop execution until any processing flag indicates completion. The SEARCH example illustrates how ANY can find table entries meeting complex criteria involving multiple conditions.
Notice the STRING operation example at the end - this shows how ANY can be used for data validation before performing string operations, ensuring that source data exists and target areas are properly initialized before attempting the operation.
To demonstrate the practical power of the ANY clause, let's examine a comprehensive university management system. This example showcases how ANY handles complex, real-world scenarios involving student records, faculty data, library resources, and computer lab management. The system demonstrates nested data structures, business rule validation, and sophisticated reporting - all leveraging ANY for efficient data processing.
This example illustrates several key concepts: how ANY works with deeply nested data structures (students with courses with grades), how it enables complex business rule evaluation (academic standing, financial aid eligibility), and how it supports comprehensive system monitoring (resource status, maintenance alerts). Pay attention to how ANY simplifies what would otherwise be complex nested loop structures.
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. ANY-CLAUSE-DEMO. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. *> Student management system data 01 STUDENT-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM. 05 STUDENTS OCCURS 100 TIMES INDEXED BY STUDENT-IDX. 10 STUDENT-ID PIC X(8). 10 STUDENT-NAME PIC X(30). 10 STUDENT-MAJOR PIC X(20). 10 STUDENT-YEAR PIC 9(1). 88 FRESHMAN VALUE 1. 88 SOPHOMORE VALUE 2. 88 JUNIOR VALUE 3. 88 SENIOR VALUE 4. 10 STUDENT-GPA PIC 9(1)V99. 10 COURSES OCCURS 8 TIMES. 15 COURSE-CODE PIC X(8). 15 COURSE-GRADE PIC X(2). 88 GRADE-A VALUE "A+", "A", "A-". 88 GRADE-B VALUE "B+", "B", "B-". 88 GRADE-C VALUE "C+", "C", "C-". 88 GRADE-D VALUE "D+", "D", "D-". 88 GRADE-F VALUE "F". 15 COURSE-CREDITS PIC 9(1). 10 FINANCIAL-AID. 15 SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT PIC 9(6)V99. 15 LOAN-AMOUNT PIC 9(6)V99. 15 WORK-STUDY-HOURS PIC 9(3). 10 STUDENT-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 ACTIVE-STUDENT VALUE "ACTIVE". 88 PROBATION VALUE "PROBATION". 88 SUSPENDED VALUE "SUSPENDED". 88 GRADUATED VALUE "GRADUATED". *> Faculty and course management 01 FACULTY-COURSE-SYSTEM. 05 FACULTY OCCURS 50 TIMES. 10 FACULTY-ID PIC X(8). 10 FACULTY-NAME PIC X(30). 10 DEPARTMENT PIC X(20). 10 TENURE-STATUS PIC X(1). 88 TENURED VALUE "Y". 88 NON-TENURED VALUE "N". 10 COURSES-TAUGHT OCCURS 6 TIMES. 15 TAUGHT-COURSE-CODE PIC X(8). 15 ENROLLMENT-COUNT PIC 9(3). 15 AVERAGE-GRADE PIC 9(1)V99. 10 RESEARCH-GRANTS OCCURS 5 TIMES. 15 GRANT-ID PIC X(10). 15 GRANT-AMOUNT PIC 9(8)V99. 15 GRANT-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 ACTIVE-GRANT VALUE "ACTIVE". 88 PENDING-GRANT VALUE "PENDING". 88 COMPLETED-GRANT VALUE "COMPLETED". *> University resources and facilities 01 UNIVERSITY-RESOURCES. 05 LIBRARY-BOOKS OCCURS 10000 TIMES. 10 BOOK-ISBN PIC X(13). 10 BOOK-TITLE PIC X(50). 10 BOOK-AUTHOR PIC X(30). 10 BOOK-CATEGORY PIC X(20). 10 BOOK-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 AVAILABLE VALUE "AVAILABLE". 88 CHECKED-OUT VALUE "CHECKED-OUT". 88 RESERVED VALUE "RESERVED". 88 DAMAGED VALUE "DAMAGED". 10 CHECKOUT-HISTORY OCCURS 20 TIMES. 15 CHECKOUT-DATE PIC X(8). 15 RETURN-DATE PIC X(8). 15 BORROWER-ID PIC X(8). 05 COMPUTER-LABS OCCURS 15 TIMES. 10 LAB-ID PIC X(5). 10 LAB-CAPACITY PIC 9(3). 10 COMPUTERS OCCURS 50 TIMES. 15 COMPUTER-ID PIC X(8). 15 COMPUTER-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 OPERATIONAL VALUE "OPERATIONAL". 88 MAINTENANCE VALUE "MAINTENANCE". 88 OUT-OF-ORDER VALUE "OUT-OF-ORDER". 15 SOFTWARE-INSTALLED OCCURS 20 TIMES. 20 SOFTWARE-NAME PIC X(30). 20 SOFTWARE-VERSION PIC X(10). 20 LICENSE-STATUS PIC X(10). 88 LICENSED VALUE "LICENSED". 88 EXPIRED VALUE "EXPIRED". 88 TRIAL VALUE "TRIAL". *> Processing statistics and flags 01 PROCESSING-STATISTICS. 05 STUDENTS-PROCESSED PIC 9(5) VALUE 0. 05 FACULTY-PROCESSED PIC 9(3) VALUE 0. 05 BOOKS-PROCESSED PIC 9(7) VALUE 0. 05 ALERTS-GENERATED PIC 9(5) VALUE 0. 05 REPORTS-CREATED PIC 9(3) VALUE 0. 01 ANALYSIS-FLAGS. 05 ACADEMIC-ISSUES-FOUND PIC X(1) VALUE "N". 88 ACADEMIC-ISSUES VALUE "Y". 05 RESOURCE-ISSUES-FOUND PIC X(1) VALUE "N". 88 RESOURCE-ISSUES VALUE "Y". 05 FINANCIAL-ISSUES-FOUND PIC X(1) VALUE "N". 88 FINANCIAL-ISSUES VALUE "Y". *> Sample data for demonstration 01 SAMPLE-DATA-COUNTERS. 05 SAMPLE-STUDENTS PIC 9(2) VALUE 5. 05 SAMPLE-FACULTY PIC 9(2) VALUE 3. 05 SAMPLE-BOOKS PIC 9(3) VALUE 50. 05 SAMPLE-LABS PIC 9(2) VALUE 3. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PROCESSING. DISPLAY "=== ANY Clause Comprehensive Demonstration ===". DISPLAY " ". PERFORM INITIALIZE-SAMPLE-DATA PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-BASIC-ANY-OPERATIONS PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-COMPLEX-ANY-CONDITIONS PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-NESTED-ANY-PROCESSING PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-ANY-WITH-BUSINESS-RULES PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-ANY-OPTIMIZATION-TECHNIQUES PERFORM DEMONSTRATE-ANY-ERROR-HANDLING PERFORM GENERATE-COMPREHENSIVE-REPORTS PERFORM DISPLAY-FINAL-STATISTICS DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY "ANY clause demonstration completed successfully". STOP RUN. INITIALIZE-SAMPLE-DATA. DISPLAY "1. Initializing Sample University Data:". DISPLAY " ====================================". *> Initialize sample students MOVE "STU001" TO STUDENT-ID(1). MOVE "ALICE JOHNSON" TO STUDENT-NAME(1). MOVE "COMPUTER SCIENCE" TO STUDENT-MAJOR(1). MOVE 3 TO STUDENT-YEAR(1). MOVE 3.75 TO STUDENT-GPA(1). MOVE "ACTIVE" TO STUDENT-STATUS(1). MOVE 5000.00 TO SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT(1). MOVE "CS101" TO COURSE-CODE(1, 1). MOVE "A" TO COURSE-GRADE(1, 1). MOVE "CS201" TO COURSE-CODE(1, 2). MOVE "B+" TO COURSE-GRADE(1, 2). MOVE "STU002" TO STUDENT-ID(2). MOVE "BOB SMITH" TO STUDENT-NAME(2). MOVE "MATHEMATICS" TO STUDENT-MAJOR(2). MOVE 2 TO STUDENT-YEAR(2). MOVE 2.15 TO STUDENT-GPA(2). MOVE "PROBATION" TO STUDENT-STATUS(2). MOVE 0.00 TO SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT(2). MOVE "MATH101" TO COURSE-CODE(2, 1). MOVE "D" TO COURSE-GRADE(2, 1). MOVE "MATH201" TO COURSE-CODE(2, 2). MOVE "F" TO COURSE-GRADE(2, 2). MOVE "STU003" TO STUDENT-ID(3). MOVE "CAROL DAVIS" TO STUDENT-NAME(3). MOVE "ENGINEERING" TO STUDENT-MAJOR(3). MOVE 4 TO STUDENT-YEAR(3). MOVE 3.95 TO STUDENT-GPA(3). MOVE "ACTIVE" TO STUDENT-STATUS(3). MOVE 7500.00 TO SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT(3). MOVE "ENG301" TO COURSE-CODE(3, 1). MOVE "A+" TO COURSE-GRADE(3, 1). *> Initialize sample faculty MOVE "FAC001" TO FACULTY-ID(1). MOVE "DR. JOHN PROFESSOR" TO FACULTY-NAME(1). MOVE "COMPUTER SCIENCE" TO DEPARTMENT(1). MOVE "Y" TO TENURE-STATUS(1). MOVE "CS101" TO TAUGHT-COURSE-CODE(1, 1). MOVE 150 TO ENROLLMENT-COUNT(1, 1). MOVE "GR001" TO GRANT-ID(1, 1). MOVE 250000.00 TO GRANT-AMOUNT(1, 1). MOVE "ACTIVE" TO GRANT-STATUS(1, 1). *> Initialize sample library books MOVE "9781234567890" TO BOOK-ISBN(1). MOVE "ADVANCED COBOL PROGRAMMING" TO BOOK-TITLE(1). MOVE "JANE AUTHOR" TO BOOK-AUTHOR(1). MOVE "PROGRAMMING" TO BOOK-CATEGORY(1). MOVE "AVAILABLE" TO BOOK-STATUS(1). MOVE "9781234567891" TO BOOK-ISBN(2). MOVE "DATABASE DESIGN PRINCIPLES" TO BOOK-TITLE(2). MOVE "JOHN WRITER" TO BOOK-AUTHOR(2). MOVE "DATABASE" TO BOOK-CATEGORY(2). MOVE "CHECKED-OUT" TO BOOK-STATUS(2). *> Initialize computer labs MOVE "LAB01" TO LAB-ID(1). MOVE 30 TO LAB-CAPACITY(1). MOVE "COMP001" TO COMPUTER-ID(1, 1). MOVE "OPERATIONAL" TO COMPUTER-STATUS(1, 1). MOVE "VISUAL STUDIO" TO SOFTWARE-NAME(1, 1, 1). MOVE "LICENSED" TO LICENSE-STATUS(1, 1, 1). MOVE "COMP002" TO COMPUTER-ID(1, 2). MOVE "OUT-OF-ORDER" TO COMPUTER-STATUS(1, 2). DISPLAY " Sample data initialized successfully". DISPLAY " Students: " SAMPLE-STUDENTS. DISPLAY " Faculty: " SAMPLE-FACULTY. DISPLAY " Books: " SAMPLE-BOOKS. DISPLAY " Labs: " SAMPLE-LABS. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-BASIC-ANY-OPERATIONS. DISPLAY "2. Basic ANY Operations:". DISPLAY " =====================". *> Test basic ANY conditions with student data DISPLAY " Academic Performance Analysis:". *> Check if any student has excellent GPA IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA >= 3.5) DISPLAY " ✓ Excellent students found (GPA >= 3.5)" ELSE DISPLAY " ✗ No excellent students found" END-IF. *> Check if any student is on probation IF ANY STUDENTS (PROBATION) DISPLAY " ⚠ Students on academic probation detected" SET ACADEMIC-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No students on probation" END-IF. *> Check if any student has failing grades IF ANY STUDENTS (ANY COURSES (GRADE-F)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Students with failing grades detected" SET ACADEMIC-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No failing grades found" END-IF. *> Check if any student has scholarship IF ANY STUDENTS (SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT > 0) DISPLAY " ✓ Scholarship recipients found" ELSE DISPLAY " ✗ No scholarship recipients" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-COMPLEX-ANY-CONDITIONS. DISPLAY "3. Complex ANY Conditions:". DISPLAY " ========================". DISPLAY " Faculty and Course Analysis:". *> Check for tenured faculty with active grants IF ANY FACULTY (TENURED AND ANY RESEARCH-GRANTS (ACTIVE-GRANT)) DISPLAY " ✓ Tenured faculty with active research grants" ELSE DISPLAY " ✗ No tenured faculty with active grants" END-IF. *> Check for high-enrollment courses IF ANY FACULTY (ANY COURSES-TAUGHT (ENROLLMENT-COUNT > 100)) DISPLAY " ✓ High-enrollment courses detected" ELSE DISPLAY " ✗ No high-enrollment courses" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY " Library Resource Analysis:". *> Check for damaged books IF ANY LIBRARY-BOOKS (DAMAGED) DISPLAY " ⚠ Damaged books require attention" SET RESOURCE-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No damaged books found" END-IF. *> Check for overdue books IF ANY LIBRARY-BOOKS (CHECKED-OUT AND ANY CHECKOUT-HISTORY (RETURN-DATE = SPACES)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Overdue books detected" SET RESOURCE-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No overdue books" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-NESTED-ANY-PROCESSING. DISPLAY "4. Nested ANY Processing:". DISPLAY " =======================". DISPLAY " Computer Lab Status Analysis:". *> Check for labs with operational issues IF ANY COMPUTER-LABS (ANY COMPUTERS (OUT-OF-ORDER OR MAINTENANCE)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Computer maintenance issues detected" SET RESOURCE-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ All computers operational" END-IF. *> Check for software licensing issues IF ANY COMPUTER-LABS (ANY COMPUTERS (ANY SOFTWARE-INSTALLED (EXPIRED OR TRIAL))) DISPLAY " ⚠ Software licensing issues detected" SET RESOURCE-ISSUES TO TRUE ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ All software properly licensed" END-IF. *> Check for labs at capacity IF ANY COMPUTER-LABS (LAB-CAPACITY < 25) DISPLAY " ⚠ Small capacity labs may need expansion" ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ All labs have adequate capacity" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-ANY-WITH-BUSINESS-RULES. DISPLAY "5. ANY with Business Rules:". DISPLAY " =========================". DISPLAY " Academic Standing Evaluation:". *> Complex academic standing rules IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA < 2.0 AND (JUNIOR OR SENIOR) AND ANY COURSES (GRADE-F)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Senior students at risk of dismissal" SET ACADEMIC-ISSUES TO TRUE END-IF. *> Financial aid eligibility IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA >= 3.0 AND SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT = 0 AND ACTIVE-STUDENT) DISPLAY " ✓ Students eligible for merit scholarships" END-IF. *> Graduation readiness IF ANY STUDENTS (SENIOR AND STUDENT-GPA >= 2.0 AND ALL COURSES (NOT GRADE-F)) DISPLAY " ✓ Students ready for graduation review" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY " Resource Allocation Analysis:". *> Faculty workload analysis IF ANY FACULTY (ANY COURSES-TAUGHT (ENROLLMENT-COUNT > 200)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Faculty with excessive course loads" END-IF. *> Research funding analysis IF ANY FACULTY (TENURED AND ALL RESEARCH-GRANTS (NOT ACTIVE-GRANT)) DISPLAY " ⚠ Tenured faculty without active research" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-ANY-OPTIMIZATION-TECHNIQUES. DISPLAY "6. ANY Optimization Techniques:". DISPLAY " =============================". DISPLAY " Performance Optimization Examples:". *> Early termination example DISPLAY " Testing early termination with ANY...". *> This will stop at first match IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA >= 4.0) DISPLAY " ✓ Found honor student (search terminated early)" ELSE DISPLAY " ✗ No honor students found" END-IF. *> Optimized condition ordering DISPLAY " Testing optimized condition ordering...". *> Most selective condition first IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA >= 3.8 AND SENIOR AND SCHOLARSHIP-AMOUNT > 5000) DISPLAY " ✓ High-achieving senior scholarship recipients" END-IF. *> Index-based optimization DISPLAY " Testing index-based processing...". SET STUDENT-IDX TO 1. SEARCH STUDENTS AT END DISPLAY " Search completed" WHEN ANY COURSES(STUDENT-IDX) (GRADE-A) DISPLAY " ✓ Found student with A grades: " STUDENT-NAME(STUDENT-IDX) END-SEARCH. DISPLAY " ". DEMONSTRATE-ANY-ERROR-HANDLING. DISPLAY "7. ANY Error Handling:". DISPLAY " ====================". DISPLAY " Robust Error Detection:". *> Data validation with ANY IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-ID = SPACES) DISPLAY " ⚠ Invalid student IDs detected" ADD 1 TO ALERTS-GENERATED END-IF. *> Range validation IF ANY STUDENTS (STUDENT-GPA < 0 OR STUDENT-GPA > 4.0) DISPLAY " ⚠ Invalid GPA values detected" ADD 1 TO ALERTS-GENERATED END-IF. *> Consistency checks IF ANY STUDENTS (GRADUATED AND STUDENT-YEAR < 4) DISPLAY " ⚠ Data inconsistency: Early graduates" ADD 1 TO ALERTS-GENERATED END-IF. *> Resource validation IF ANY COMPUTER-LABS (LAB-CAPACITY = 0 OR LAB-CAPACITY > 100) DISPLAY " ⚠ Invalid lab capacity values" ADD 1 TO ALERTS-GENERATED END-IF. DISPLAY " ". GENERATE-COMPREHENSIVE-REPORTS. DISPLAY "8. Comprehensive Reporting:". DISPLAY " =========================". DISPLAY " System Status Summary:". IF ACADEMIC-ISSUES DISPLAY " ⚠ Academic issues require attention" ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No academic issues detected" END-IF. IF RESOURCE-ISSUES DISPLAY " ⚠ Resource issues require attention" ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No resource issues detected" END-IF. IF FINANCIAL-ISSUES DISPLAY " ⚠ Financial issues require attention" ELSE DISPLAY " ✓ No financial issues detected" END-IF. DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY " Alert Summary:". DISPLAY " Total alerts generated: " ALERTS-GENERATED. ADD 1 TO REPORTS-CREATED. DISPLAY " Reports created: " REPORTS-CREATED. DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY-FINAL-STATISTICS. DISPLAY "9. Final Processing Statistics:". DISPLAY " =============================". MOVE SAMPLE-STUDENTS TO STUDENTS-PROCESSED. MOVE SAMPLE-FACULTY TO FACULTY-PROCESSED. MOVE SAMPLE-BOOKS TO BOOKS-PROCESSED. DISPLAY " Records Processed:". DISPLAY " Students: " STUDENTS-PROCESSED. DISPLAY " Faculty: " FACULTY-PROCESSED. DISPLAY " Books: " BOOKS-PROCESSED. DISPLAY " Alerts: " ALERTS-GENERATED. DISPLAY " Reports: " REPORTS-CREATED. DISPLAY " ". DISPLAY " ANY Clause Benefits Demonstrated:". DISPLAY " - Efficient collection testing". DISPLAY " - Early termination optimization". DISPLAY " - Complex nested condition evaluation". DISPLAY " - Comprehensive data validation". DISPLAY " - Business rule implementation". DISPLAY " - Error detection and handling". DISPLAY " ".
This comprehensive example demonstrates several advanced ANY clause techniques:
The example progresses from simple ANY operations (checking if any student has excellent grades) to complex nested evaluations (checking if any department has any employee meeting multiple criteria). This progression illustrates how ANY scales from basic data validation to sophisticated business rule implementation in enterprise applications.
Pay particular attention to the optimization techniques demonstrated, such as condition ordering for performance, early termination benefits, and how ANY integrates with error handling and reporting systems. These patterns are directly applicable to real-world COBOL applications.
Understanding how ANY processes collections internally helps you write more efficient code:
Understanding the difference between ANY and traditional PERFORM loops helps appreciate its value: