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COBOL Tutorial

COBOL ADVANCING Clause

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Introduction to ADVANCING Clause

The ADVANCING clause in COBOL is a powerful formatting control mechanism that manages line spacing and page advancement in output operations. It provides precise control over how output is positioned on pages, making it essential for creating professional reports, forms, and formatted displays.

The ADVANCING clause is primarily used with:

  • DISPLAY statements: For terminal and console output
  • WRITE statements: For file output formatting
  • Report generation: For professional document layout
  • Form printing: For structured data presentation
  • Page control: For multi-page document management

Understanding ADVANCING is crucial for creating well-formatted, professional-looking output in COBOL applications.

Basic ADVANCING Syntax and Structure

The ADVANCING clause follows a specific syntax that allows for flexible control over output positioning and spacing.

General Syntax

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DISPLAY data-item [ADVANCING {BEFORE | AFTER} {n LINES | PAGE | mnemonic-name}]

Where:

  • BEFORE: Advance lines before displaying output (default)
  • AFTER: Advance lines after displaying output
  • n LINES: Advance a specific number of lines
  • PAGE: Advance to the next page
  • mnemonic-name: User-defined advancement value

Basic ADVANCING Examples

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ADVANCING-DEMO.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 HEADER-LINE        PIC X(50) VALUE "=== REPORT HEADER ===".
01 DATA-LINE          PIC X(50) VALUE "This is a data line".
01 FOOTER-LINE        PIC X(50) VALUE "=== REPORT FOOTER ===".
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY "Starting ADVANCING demonstration..."
    
    * Basic line advancement
    DISPLAY HEADER-LINE ADVANCING 2 LINES
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    * Page advancement
    DISPLAY "End of page 1" ADVANCING PAGE
    DISPLAY "Start of page 2" ADVANCING 2 LINES
    
    * Footer with spacing
    DISPLAY FOOTER-LINE ADVANCING 3 LINES
    
    DISPLAY "ADVANCING demonstration completed"
    STOP RUN.

BEFORE vs AFTER Advancement

Understanding the difference between BEFORE and AFTER advancement is crucial for proper output positioning and formatting control.

BEFORE Advancement (Default)

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. BEFORE-ADVANCING-DEMO.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 OUTPUT-LINE        PIC X(40).
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY "=== BEFORE ADVANCING DEMONSTRATION ==="
    DISPLAY "Line 1 - No advancement"
    
    * BEFORE advancement (default behavior)
    MOVE "Line 2 - BEFORE 2 lines" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING BEFORE 2 LINES
    
    MOVE "Line 3 - BEFORE 1 line" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING BEFORE 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "Line 4 - BEFORE 3 lines" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING BEFORE 3 LINES
    
    DISPLAY "End of BEFORE demonstration"
    STOP RUN.

AFTER Advancement

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. AFTER-ADVANCING-DEMO.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 OUTPUT-LINE        PIC X(40).
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY "=== AFTER ADVANCING DEMONSTRATION ==="
    DISPLAY "Line 1 - No advancement"
    
    * AFTER advancement
    MOVE "Line 2 - AFTER 2 lines" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING AFTER 2 LINES
    
    MOVE "Line 3 - AFTER 1 line" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING AFTER 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "Line 4 - AFTER 3 lines" TO OUTPUT-LINE
    DISPLAY OUTPUT-LINE ADVANCING AFTER 3 LINES
    
    DISPLAY "End of AFTER demonstration"
    STOP RUN.

Comparison Example

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PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY "=== BEFORE vs AFTER COMPARISON ==="
    
    DISPLAY "Original line"
    
    * BEFORE advancement
    DISPLAY "BEFORE 2 lines" ADVANCING BEFORE 2 LINES
    DISPLAY "This appears after 2 blank lines above"
    
    DISPLAY " "
    
    * AFTER advancement  
    DISPLAY "AFTER 2 lines" ADVANCING AFTER 2 LINES
    DISPLAY "This appears after 2 blank lines above"
    
    STOP RUN.

Page Control with ADVANCING

Page control is one of the most important uses of the ADVANCING clause, enabling the creation of multi-page documents with proper page breaks and headers.

Basic Page Control

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PAGE-CONTROL-DEMO.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 PAGE-HEADER.
   05 FILLER           PIC X(20) VALUE "PAGE ".
   05 PAGE-NUMBER      PIC 9(3).
   05 FILLER           PIC X(20) VALUE " - REPORT TITLE".
   05 FILLER           PIC X(30) VALUE SPACES.
 
01 PAGE-FOOTER.
   05 FILLER           PIC X(20) VALUE "End of Page ".
   05 FOOTER-PAGE      PIC 9(3).
   05 FILLER           PIC X(50) VALUE SPACES.
 
01 DATA-LINE           PIC X(60).
01 CURRENT-PAGE        PIC 9(3) VALUE 1.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-CONTENT
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER
    PERFORM ADVANCE-TO-NEXT-PAGE
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-CONTENT
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER
    STOP RUN.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER.
    MOVE CURRENT-PAGE TO PAGE-NUMBER
    DISPLAY PAGE-HEADER ADVANCING PAGE
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING 1 LINE
    DISPLAY "Report generated on: " FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-CONTENT.
    MOVE "This is sample content for the report." TO DATA-LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "Additional data lines would appear here." TO DATA-LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "More content to fill the page..." TO DATA-LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER.
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING 2 LINES
    MOVE CURRENT-PAGE TO FOOTER-PAGE
    DISPLAY PAGE-FOOTER ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
ADVANCE-TO-NEXT-PAGE.
    ADD 1 TO CURRENT-PAGE.

Advanced Page Control with Line Counting

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ADVANCED-PAGE-CONTROL.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 PAGE-CONTROL.
   05 CURRENT-PAGE     PIC 9(3) VALUE 1.
   05 CURRENT-LINE     PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
   05 MAX-LINES-PER-PAGE PIC 9(3) VALUE 50.
   05 LINES-REMAINING  PIC 9(3).
 
01 REPORT-DATA.
   05 DATA-LINE        PIC X(60).
   05 LINE-COUNTER     PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    PERFORM INITIALIZE-PAGE-CONTROL
    PERFORM PROCESS-REPORT-DATA
    STOP RUN.
 
INITIALIZE-PAGE-CONTROL.
    DISPLAY "=== Advanced Page Control Demo ==="
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER.
 
PROCESS-REPORT-DATA.
    PERFORM VARYING LINE-COUNTER FROM 1 BY 1
       UNTIL LINE-COUNTER > 100
       PERFORM CHECK-PAGE-BOUNDARIES
       PERFORM DISPLAY-DATA-LINE
    END-PERFORM.
 
CHECK-PAGE-BOUNDARIES.
    ADD 1 TO CURRENT-LINE
    IF CURRENT-LINE > MAX-LINES-PER-PAGE
       PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER
       PERFORM ADVANCE-TO-NEXT-PAGE
       PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER
       MOVE 1 TO CURRENT-LINE
    END-IF.
 
DISPLAY-DATA-LINE.
    STRING "Line " DELIMITED BY SIZE
           LINE-COUNTER DELIMITED BY SIZE
           " - Sample data content" DELIMITED BY SIZE
           INTO DATA-LINE
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER.
    DISPLAY "PAGE " CURRENT-PAGE " - REPORT HEADER" ADVANCING PAGE
    DISPLAY "Generated: " FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE ADVANCING 1 LINE
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER.
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING 2 LINES
    DISPLAY "End of Page " CURRENT-PAGE ADVANCING 1 LINE.
 
ADVANCE-TO-NEXT-PAGE.
    ADD 1 TO CURRENT-PAGE
    MOVE 0 TO CURRENT-LINE.

Mnemonic Names for ADVANCING

Mnemonic names allow you to define custom advancement values that can be referenced by name, making code more readable and maintainable.

Defining and Using Mnemonic Names

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. MNEMONIC-ADVANCING-DEMO.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SPECIAL-NAMES.
    SINGLE-SPACE IS ADVANCE-1
    DOUBLE-SPACE IS ADVANCE-2
    TRIPLE-SPACE IS ADVANCE-3
    QUADRUPLE-SPACE IS ADVANCE-4
    SECTION-BREAK IS ADVANCE-5
    PAGE-BREAK IS ADVANCE-PAGE.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 REPORT-SECTIONS.
   05 HEADER-LINE      PIC X(50) VALUE "=== SECTION HEADER ===".
   05 DATA-LINE        PIC X(50) VALUE "Data line content".
   05 FOOTER-LINE      PIC X(50) VALUE "=== SECTION FOOTER ===".
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY "=== Mnemonic ADVANCING Demonstration ==="
    
    * Using mnemonic names for spacing
    DISPLAY HEADER-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-2
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-1
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-1
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-1
    
    * Section break
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING SECTION-BREAK
    DISPLAY "New section starts here" ADVANCING ADVANCE-2
    
    * More data with different spacing
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-1
    DISPLAY DATA-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-1
    
    * Page break
    DISPLAY "End of section" ADVANCING PAGE-BREAK
    DISPLAY "New page starts here" ADVANCING ADVANCE-3
    
    DISPLAY FOOTER-LINE ADVANCING ADVANCE-2
    STOP RUN.

Professional Report Formatting

The ADVANCING clause is essential for creating professional reports with proper spacing, headers, footers, and page breaks.

Complete Report Example

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PROFESSIONAL-REPORT.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SPECIAL-NAMES.
    SINGLE-SPACE IS SPACE-1
    DOUBLE-SPACE IS SPACE-2
    TRIPLE-SPACE IS SPACE-3
    PAGE-BREAK IS NEW-PAGE.
 
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 REPORT-HEADER.
   05 COMPANY-NAME     PIC X(30) VALUE "ACME CORPORATION".
   05 REPORT-TITLE     PIC X(30) VALUE "MONTHLY SALES REPORT".
   05 REPORT-DATE      PIC X(20).
 
01 PAGE-HEADER.
   05 FILLER           PIC X(15) VALUE "PAGE: ".
   05 PAGE-NUMBER      PIC 9(3).
   05 FILLER           PIC X(20) VALUE "DATE: ".
   05 HEADER-DATE      PIC X(10).
 
01 COLUMN-HEADERS.
   05 FILLER           PIC X(8) VALUE "CUST-ID".
   05 FILLER           PIC X(15) VALUE "CUSTOMER NAME".
   05 FILLER           PIC X(12) VALUE "SALES AMOUNT".
   05 FILLER           PIC X(10) VALUE "REGION".
 
01 DETAIL-LINE.
   05 CUSTOMER-ID      PIC X(8).
   05 CUSTOMER-NAME    PIC X(15).
   05 SALES-AMOUNT     PIC $$$,$$9.99.
   05 REGION-CODE      PIC X(10).
 
01 SUMMARY-LINE.
   05 FILLER           PIC X(20) VALUE "TOTAL SALES: $".
   05 TOTAL-SALES      PIC $$$,$$$,$$9.99.
 
01 PAGE-CONTROL.
   05 CURRENT-PAGE     PIC 9(3) VALUE 1.
   05 CURRENT-LINE     PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
   05 MAX-LINES        PIC 9(3) VALUE 45.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    PERFORM INITIALIZE-REPORT
    PERFORM DISPLAY-REPORT-HEADER
    PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER
    PERFORM PROCESS-SALES-DATA
    PERFORM DISPLAY-SUMMARY
    STOP RUN.
 
INITIALIZE-REPORT.
    MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(1:8) TO REPORT-DATE
    MOVE FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE(1:8) TO HEADER-DATE.
 
DISPLAY-REPORT-HEADER.
    DISPLAY COMPANY-NAME ADVANCING NEW-PAGE
    DISPLAY REPORT-TITLE ADVANCING SPACE-2
    DISPLAY "Report Date: " REPORT-DATE ADVANCING SPACE-3.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER.
    MOVE CURRENT-PAGE TO PAGE-NUMBER
    DISPLAY PAGE-HEADER ADVANCING SPACE-1
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING SPACE-1
    DISPLAY COLUMN-HEADERS ADVANCING SPACE-1
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING SPACE-1
    MOVE 5 TO CURRENT-LINE.
 
PROCESS-SALES-DATA.
    * Simulate processing sales data
    PERFORM VARYING CURRENT-LINE FROM 6 BY 1
       UNTIL CURRENT-LINE > 40
       PERFORM GENERATE-SAMPLE-DATA
       PERFORM DISPLAY-DETAIL-LINE
       PERFORM CHECK-PAGE-BOUNDARY
    END-PERFORM.
 
GENERATE-SAMPLE-DATA.
    * Generate sample customer data
    STRING "CUST" DELIMITED BY SIZE
           CURRENT-LINE DELIMITED BY SIZE
           INTO CUSTOMER-ID
    
    STRING "Customer " DELIMITED BY SIZE
           CURRENT-LINE DELIMITED BY SIZE
           INTO CUSTOMER-NAME
    
    COMPUTE SALES-AMOUNT = CURRENT-LINE * 100.50
    MOVE "REGION-A" TO REGION-CODE.
 
DISPLAY-DETAIL-LINE.
    DISPLAY DETAIL-LINE ADVANCING SPACE-1.
 
CHECK-PAGE-BOUNDARY.
    IF CURRENT-LINE >= MAX-LINES
       PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER
       ADD 1 TO CURRENT-PAGE
       PERFORM DISPLAY-PAGE-HEADER
    END-IF.
 
DISPLAY-PAGE-FOOTER.
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING SPACE-2
    DISPLAY "End of Page " CURRENT-PAGE ADVANCING SPACE-1.
 
DISPLAY-SUMMARY.
    COMPUTE TOTAL-SALES = 40 * 100.50 * 20.25
    DISPLAY " " ADVANCING SPACE-3
    DISPLAY SUMMARY-LINE ADVANCING SPACE-2
    DISPLAY "Report completed successfully" ADVANCING SPACE-1.

ADVANCING with WRITE Statements

The ADVANCING clause can also be used with WRITE statements for file output formatting, providing control over how data is written to files.

File Output with ADVANCING

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. FILE-ADVANCING-DEMO.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
    SELECT REPORT-FILE ASSIGN TO "REPORT.OUT"
           ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL
           ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL
           FILE STATUS IS FILE-STATUS.
 
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD REPORT-FILE.
01 REPORT-RECORD.
   05 RECORD-DATA      PIC X(80).
 
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 FILE-STATUS         PIC X(2).
01 REPORT-LINE         PIC X(80).
01 LINE-COUNTER        PIC 9(3) VALUE 0.
 
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    PERFORM OPEN-REPORT-FILE
    PERFORM WRITE-REPORT-CONTENT
    PERFORM CLOSE-REPORT-FILE
    STOP RUN.
 
OPEN-REPORT-FILE.
    OPEN OUTPUT REPORT-FILE
    IF FILE-STATUS NOT = "00"
       DISPLAY "Error opening report file: " FILE-STATUS
       STOP RUN
    END-IF
    DISPLAY "Report file opened successfully".
 
WRITE-REPORT-CONTENT.
    * Write header with spacing
    MOVE "=== REPORT HEADER ===" TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-RECORD FROM REPORT-LINE
       AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES
    
    * Write data lines
    MOVE "Data line 1" TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-RECORD FROM REPORT-LINE
       AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "Data line 2" TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-RECORD FROM REPORT-LINE
       AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    MOVE "Data line 3" TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-RECORD FROM REPORT-LINE
       AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINE
    
    * Write footer with spacing
    MOVE "=== REPORT FOOTER ===" TO REPORT-LINE
    WRITE REPORT-RECORD FROM REPORT-LINE
       AFTER ADVANCING 3 LINES.
 
CLOSE-REPORT-FILE.
    CLOSE REPORT-FILE
    DISPLAY "Report file closed successfully".

Best Practices for ADVANCING Usage

Following best practices ensures consistent, maintainable, and professional output formatting when using the ADVANCING clause.

Design Guidelines

  • Use mnemonic names for common spacing values
  • Plan page layouts before implementing
  • Consider different output devices and their limitations
  • Test formatting with realistic data volumes
  • Document spacing requirements and standards

Implementation Best Practices

  • Consistent use of BEFORE vs AFTER advancement
  • Proper page break management for long reports
  • Appropriate spacing for readability
  • Error handling for output device limitations
  • Performance consideration for high-volume output

Maintenance Considerations

  • Centralize formatting constants and mnemonic names
  • Regular testing with different output devices
  • Documentation of formatting standards
  • Version control for formatting changes
  • User feedback incorporation for readability improvements

Exercise: Professional Report Generator

Create a comprehensive report generator that demonstrates advanced ADVANCING usage. The system should include:

  • Multi-page report generation with proper page breaks
  • Professional headers and footers
  • Consistent spacing and formatting
  • Mnemonic names for all spacing values
  • Both console and file output capabilities

Consider these advanced requirements:

  • How would you handle different page sizes and orientations?
  • What strategies would you use for dynamic content spacing?
  • How would you implement conditional page breaks?
  • What formatting options would you provide for different report types?

FAQ

What is the ADVANCING clause in COBOL?

The ADVANCING clause in COBOL controls line spacing and page advancement in output operations. It specifies how many lines to advance before or after displaying output, enabling precise control over report formatting and page layout.

How do you use ADVANCING in COBOL DISPLAY statements?

ADVANCING is used with DISPLAY statements to control line spacing. Syntax: 'DISPLAY data-item ADVANCING n LINES' advances n lines before displaying, or 'DISPLAY data-item ADVANCING PAGE' advances to the next page.

What are the different ADVANCING options in COBOL?

ADVANCING options include: BEFORE (advance before output), AFTER (advance after output), LINES (advance specific number of lines), PAGE (advance to next page), and mnemonic-name (user-defined advancement).

How do you control page breaks with ADVANCING?

Page breaks are controlled using 'ADVANCING PAGE' which advances to the next page before or after output. This is commonly used in report generation to start new pages at specific points.

What is the difference between BEFORE and AFTER in ADVANCING?

BEFORE advances lines before displaying the output, while AFTER advances lines after displaying the output. BEFORE is the default if not specified. The choice affects the positioning of the output relative to the advancement.

DISPLAY Statement

Output operations and data display in COBOL

Report Writer

Advanced report generation and formatting

Page Control

Page management and control in COBOL

Output Formatting

Professional output formatting techniques